Table 5.
Predictors of the Basic Services Deprivation Score (BSDS) in a Multilevel Regression Model with Data from 10 States with the Largest Slum Populations
| Descriptive statistics Continuous variables: Mean (SE) Categorical variables: Estimated N (%) |
Multivariable findings (Estimated N=168,901) β-coefficient (95%CI) |
p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Years notified (per each one-year increase in time notified) | 7.86 (0.33) | −0.768 (−0.914, −0.622) | <0.001 |
| Years notified, quadratic term | 203.39 (12.81) | 0.009 (0.005, 0.013) | <0.001 |
| Year of survey | |||
| 1993 | 48,923 (29.0) | - | - |
| 2002 | 46,279 (27.4) | −5.448 (−7.621, −3.275) | <0.001 |
| 2008 | 45,064 (26.7) | −8.372 (−10.570, −6.175) | <0.001 |
| 2012 | 28,635 (17.0) | −5.654 (−7.870, −3.438) | <0.001 |
| Number of households in the slum (per each 100-household increase) | 1.84 (0.09) | −0.148 (−0.218, −0.079) | <0.001 |
| Number of households in the slum, quadratic term | 32.80 (6.05) | 0.0002 (0.0001, 0.0003) | <0.001 |
| Land type | |||
| State or city government | 66,737 (39.5) | - | - |
| Central government | 8,155 (4.8) | 6.785 (3.480, 10.089) | <0.001 |
| Private | 64,407 (38.1) | −3.182 (−4.880, −1.483) | <0.001 |
| Other or not known | 29,600 (17.5) | 1.293 (−0.780, 3.366) | 0.222 |
| Slum location | |||
| Central area | 126,126 (74.7) | - | - |
| Fringe area | 42,775 (25.3) | 8.439 (6.816, 10.063) | <0.001 |
| Area surrounding slum | |||
| Residential | 127,836 (75.7) | - | - |
| Commercial | 8,355 (5.0) | 0.076 (−3.299, 3.451) | 0.965 |
| Industrial | 11,842 (7.0) | 4.219 (1.252, 7.186) | 0.005 |
| Other, including more slum settlements | 20,867 (12.4) | 2.347 (0.365, 4.328) | 0.020 |
| Community association for slum improvement | |||
| Yes | 49,585 (29.4) | - | - |
| No | 119,315 (70.6) | 4.291 (2.622, 5.961) | <0.001 |
| Constant | - | 51.422 (45.641, 57.202) | <0.001 |
| State random effects | |||
| Andhra Pradesh | 23,703 (14.0) | −5.027 (−6.367, −3.688) | <0.001 |
| Bihar | 7,322 (4.3) | 16.844 (14.309, 19.379) | <0.001 |
| Delhi | 10,029 (5.9) | −6.997 (−9.274, −4.719) | <0.001 |
| Gujarat | 10,266 (6.1) | 1.413 (−0.356, 3.182) | 1.000 |
| Karnataka | 11,437 (6.8) | −5.227 (−7.092, −3.361) | <0.001 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 11,661(6.9) | 2.725 (1.081, 4.369) | 0.212 |
| Maharashtra | 52,045 (30.8) | −9.079 (−10.037, −8.122) | <0.001 |
| Orissa | 4,574 (2.7) | 13.213 (10.817, 15.609) | <0.001 |
| Tamil Nadu | 13,022 (7.7) | 0.484 (−1.148, 2.117) | 1.000 |
| West Bengal | 24,841 (14.7) | −8.349 (−9.659, −7.039) | <0.001 |
| Variance of the random intercept (p-value) | 73.911 (<0.001) | ||
| Variation in BSDS attributable to the state variable (intra-class correlation) | 19.43% |
CI=confidence interval
*
p-values for random effects are corrected for multiple comparisons (multiplied by the number of comparisons and capped at 1.00). Confidence intervals for random effects are corrected to allow multiple comparisons between states (Goldstein and Healy 1995).