Table 1. Perovskite layer thickness and photovoltaic parameters of perovskite solar cells spin coated in air and N₂ using the hot cast method and annealed in air, N₂, dry air and humid N₂.

Spin coating atmosphere	Annealing atmosphere	Perovskite thickness (nm)	J SC, J–V (mA cm–2)	J SC, SR@1 sun (mA cm–2)	V OC (V)	FF	PCE a (%)
Air	Air	401	17.1	18.0	0.99	0.78	14.0
Air	N2	409	15.2	14.9	0.94	0.77	10.9
N2	N2	399	15.0	15.8	0.92	0.76	11.8
N2	Air	380	17.5	18.8	0.96	0.78	14.2
N2	N2 + O2	368	18.0	18.4	0.97	0.76	13.7
N2	N2 + H2O	377	16.3	16.7	0.85	0.70	9.9

^aThe PCE has been calculated with the photocurrent determined from integrating the EQE spectrum with the AM1.5G spectrum (J_{SC, SR@1 sun}).