Skip to main content
. 2018 May 22;175(13):2581–2598. doi: 10.1111/bph.14174

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Gβγ‐mediated increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels is associated with 4‐HNE‐induced cell death in ARPE‐19 cells. (A) Cell viability was measured in cells pretreated with PTx or cholera toxin prior to 4‐HNE treatment for 6 h. * P < 0.05 versus vehicle‐treated controls. # P < 0.05 versus cells treated with 10 or 30 μM 4‐HNE. (B) cAMP was measured using a cAMP detection kit in the presence or absence of non‐targeting or GPR109A siRNA. * P < 0.05 versus vehicle‐treated controls. # P < 0.05 versus forskolin‐treated cells. $ P < 0.05 versus cells treated with forskolin and 10 or 30 μM 4‐HNE. Cell viability measurement in cells pretreated with either (C) 8‐CPT‐cAMP or (D) inhibitors of Gβγ‐downstream molecules * P < 0.05 versus vehicle‐treated controls. # P < 0.05 versus 4‐HNE‐treated cells. (E) The increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels was measured using a Fura‐2 probe. Bars represent means ± SEM from six independent experiments. * P < 0.05 versus vehicle‐treated controls. The 4‐HNE‐induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels was blocked by treatment with (F) GPR109A siRNA transfection, (G) gallein or (H) U73122.