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Causation in complex systems. (A) Simple billiard ball model of causation applied to the interactions between brain regions. (B) Some of the balls are connected by springs to suggest that they are coupled. When the yellow ball eventually hits the red one (B1), not only is the red ball affected but all of the ones coupled with it (B2). Thus, the overall goal of explanation is to understand the evolution of the coupled system as it evolves temporally (B2).
