Table 2.

Some important phenotypes revealed by deficiency in CXCL12 and its receptors in model organisms (gene knockout for mouse; RNA knockdown for zebrafish).

Targeted Gene	Phenotype
	Mouse				Zebrafish
	Mortality	Immune System	Cardiovascular System	Cerebellar Development	Gonadal development	Nervous system development
Cxcl12	100%	Impaired BM myelopoiesis; Impaired B cell lymphopoiesis	VSD Abnormal gastric and renal vascularization	Disorganized granule cell layer	Abnormal primordial germ cell guidance and survival	Abnormal guidance of trigeminal sensory neurons, neural progenitor cells and cranial neural crest cells
Cxcr4	100%	Impaired BM myelopoiesis; Impaired B cell lymphopoiesis	VSD Abnormal gastric and renal vascularization	Disorganized granule cell layer	Abnormal primordial germ cell guidance and survival	Abnormal guidance of trigeminal sensory neuron and cranial neural crest cells
Ackr3	70–95%	normal	Cardiomegaly, VSD, semilunar valve atresia, lymphatic sac dilatation	Normal	Abnormal primordial germ cell guidance and survival	Abnormal guidance of trigeminal sensory neuron and neural progenitor cells

Abbreviations: BM, bone marrow; VSD, ventricular septal defect