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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 14.
Published in final edited form as: Cell. 2018 May 24;173(7):1728–1741.e13. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.027

Figure 2. The Microbiota is Required for the Anti-Seizure Effects of the Ketogenic Diet.

Figure 2

(A) Seizure thresholds in response to 6-Hz stimulation in SPF, GF or conventionalized GF mice fed CD or KD. n = 13, 18, 12, 6. (B) Serum BHB (left) and glucose (right) levels in SPF, GF or conventionalized GF mice fed CD or KD. n = 37, 38, 19, 8.

(C) Seizure thresholds in response to 6-Hz stimulation in SPF mice treated with vehicle or Abx pre-dietary treatment. n = 13, 18, 13.

(D) Serum BHB (left) and glucose (right) levels in SPF mice treated with vehicle or Abx predietary treatment. n = 18, 18, 19 (BHB); n = 12, 11, 11 (glucose).

Data are presented as mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. n.s.=not statistically significant. SPF=specific pathogen-free, GF=germ-free, GF-conv=germ-free conventionalized with SPF microbiota, CD=control diet, KD=ketogenic diet, CC50=current intensity producing seizures in 50% of mice tested. BHB=beta-hydroxybutyrate, veh=vehicle, Abx=antibiotics (ampicillin, vancomycin, neomycin, metronidazole). See also Figure S2.