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. 2018 Jun 15;8:9176. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27458-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of removing intestinal bacteria on ghrelin production in mice. After 5 days with or without administration of antibiotics, plasma was collected at the fasting state (0900) and feeding state (1300). Plasma acyl ghrelin level in the antibiotic group in the fasting state was higher than levels in the control group in the fasting state (a). Plasma des-acyl ghrelin level and acyl/total ghrelin ratio were not significantly different between the control and antibiotic groups (b,c, respectively). Signal intensity and the number of ghrelin-immunopositive cell in the gastric mucosa did not change after antibiotic administration (d–f). This experiment was replicated twice and the results of 2nd data set were used in this figure. MU, mucosal layer; SM, smooth muscle layer; LU, lumen. Scale bars = 25 µm (d,e). Each value represents the mean ± SEM. n = 3–5. *P < 0.05.