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. 2018 Jun 15;9:2351. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04703-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Radioenhancing efficiency of HfO₂ vs. Hf₆-based and Hf₁₂-based nMOFs. a Enhanced APF fluorescence of HfO₂, Hf₆-DBA, and Hf₁₂-DBA over H₂O at equivalent Hf concentrations of 20 μM. n = 6. b Illustration of efficient hydroxyl radical generation upon X-ray irradiation and diffusion through porous Hf₁₂-DBA nanoplates. c Optical images of radioluminescence from Hf₆-DBAn (1 mM in ethanol), Hf₁₂-DBAn (1 mM in ethanol), and pure ethanol at an X-ray dose rate of 2.93 Gy/min. d Linear fits of radioluminescence intensities with respect to X-ray tube currents of Hf₆-DBA and Hf₁₂-DBA after subtraction of pure ethanol background. Central data points and error bars represent mean ± s.d. values, respectively. Hydroxyl detection result was obtained without repetition. The radioluminescence images were obtained with two repetitions to afford similar results