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. 2018 Jun 15;9:2358. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04792-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — Schematic model of antiviral mechanism of TAT-P1/DIG-3 in one viral life cycle. When cells are transfected with TAT-P1/DIG-3 and infected with influenza virus, a TAT/P1-DIG-3 are internalized into cells by endocytosis; b Virus can be bound with TAT-P1 and internalized into cells by endocytosis. TAT-P1 can prevent endosomal acidification to block the release of viral RNP into the cytoplasm and then nuclei; c Some virus particles that are not bound by TAT-P1 might be internalized into cells by endocytosis and undergo endosomal acidification. d TAT-P1/DIG-3 released from endosomes are imported into nuclei (d1) and viral RNPs released from endosomes are imported into nuclei (d2). e Viral DIG and wild-type genes (WTG) replicate in nuclei. f Newly produced DIG and WTG are exported to cytoplasm. g Viral DIG and WTG are reassorted in cytoplasm and move to the cell membrane to be incorporated into new virions. Seven types of DIV and one type of wild-type virus (WTV) are released from cells to start new virus life cycle. The newly generated DIV can have sustained antiviral activity to competitively inhibit WTV replication in non-transfected cells