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. 2018 Mar 24;131(7):1443–1457. doi: 10.1007/s00122-018-3089-3

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Quantile–quantile (QQ) plots showing inflation of estimated − log10 (P) values versus observed for traits Zn and Fe using uncorrected association model (U), Q (GLM) and Q + K (MLM). Q ten principal components (fixed), K kinship matrix (random), GLM general linear model, MLM mixed linear model