Table 3.
Associations of cardiovascular disease risk factors with ln CAC volume scores in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
| Minimally-adjusted | Fully-adjusted | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||||
| β | 95% CI | p value | β | 95% CI | p value | |||
| CAC density score (/0.695 density unit) | 0.88 | 0.84 | 0.93 | <0.01 | 0.94 | 0.89 | 0.99 | <0.01 |
| Age (/9.53 yrs) | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.38 | <0.01 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.37 | <0.01 |
| Male | 0.50 | 0.41 | 0.58 | <0.01 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.65 | <0.01 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Caucasian (reference) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Chinese | −0.77 | −0.91 | −0.63 | <0.01 | −0.62 | −0.83 | −0.41 | <0.01 |
| African-American | −0.29 | −0.40 | −0.19 | <0.01 | −0.52 | −0.64 | −0.39 | <0.01 |
| Hispanic | −0.34 | −0.45 | −0.23 | <0.01 | −0.40 | −0.55 | −0.26 | <0.01 |
| Level of education | ||||||||
| < High school (reference) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| High school+ | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.30 | <0.01 | 0.11 | −0.05 | 0.27 | 0.16 |
| College+ | 0.09 | −0.03 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.04 |
| Annual income | ||||||||
| <$50,000 (reference) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| $50,000–$99,999 | 0.09 | −0.02 | 0.20 | 0.09 | −0.04 | −0.17 | 0.08 | 0.49 |
| $100,000+ | −0.05 | −0.18 | 0.09 | 0.50 | −0.22 | −0.38 | −0.06 | 0.01 |
| Total cholesterol (/36.46 mg/dL) | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.03 |
| HDL (/14.49 mg/dL) | −0.06 | −0.11 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.10 | 0.01 | 0.13 |
| Systolic BP(/21.65 mmHg) | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.14 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.07 |
| Diastolic BP (/10.22 mmHg) | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.01 | ||||
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Never (reference) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Former | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.28 | <0.01 | 0.05 | −0.05 | 0.16 | 0.33 |
| Current | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.40 | <0.01 | 0.15 | −0.01 | 0.31 | 0.06 |
| Smoking amount (/24 pack-years) | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.17 | <0.01 | ||||
| Diabetes | 0.36 | 0.26 | 0.47 | <0.01 | 0.44 | 0.31 | 0.58 | <0.01 |
| Hypertension meds | 0.30 | 0.21 | 0.38 | <0.01 | 0.21 | 0.11 | 0.32 | <0.01 |
| Statins | 0.25 | 0.14 | 0.35 | <0.01 | 0.10 | −0.03 | 0.22 | 0.13 |
| BMI (/5.30 kg/m^2) | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.23 | <0.01 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.15 | <0.01 |
| Waist circumference (/13.87 cm) | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.23 | <0.01 | ||||
| Hip circumference (/11.21 cm) | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.22 | <0.01 | ||||
| WHR (/0.077) | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.15 | <0.01 | ||||
| Family history of MI | 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.42 | <0.01 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.29 | <0.01 |
| Typical walking pace | ||||||||
| No walking (reference) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Stroll | −0.09 | −0.29 | 0.11 | 0.36 | −0.16 | −0.40 | 0.08 | 0.20 |
| Average pace | −0.25 | −0.43 | −0.06 | 0.01 | −0.27 | −0.51 | −0.04 | 0.02 |
| Brisk | −0.24 | −0.44 | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.29 | −0.55 | −0.04 | 0.02 |
| Stride | −0.52 | −0.91 | −0.13 | 0.01 | −0.45 | −0.91 | 0.00 | 0.05 |
| Alcohol consumption status | ||||||||
| Never (reference) | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||
| Former | −0.07 | 0.08 | 0.34 | 0.32 | ||||
| Current | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.33 | 0.04 | ||||
| Alcohol consumption (/9.1 drinks/week) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.03 |
| IL-6 (/1.27 mg/dL) | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.13 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.06 |
| Fibrinogen (/75.93 mg/dL) | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.01 | ||||
| CRP (/6.29 mg/dL) | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.06 | −0.07 | −0.13 | −0.01 | 0.04 |
Beta coefficients for continuous variables are per one standard deviation change in exposure variable. Analysis includes only participants with CAC volume scores >0. The left column shows minimally-adjusted analyses (adjustment for age, gender, and CAC density). All listed exposure variables were then included in an intermediate multivariable model (not shown). Only those variables previously shown to be strongly tied to CVD risk (i.e. components of the pooled cohort equations and statin use) and any others that yielded p<0.10 were included in the final fully-adjusted multivariable model, shown on the right.
Abbreviations: ln=natural log, BMI=Body Mass Index, WHR=waist-hip ratio, MI=myocardial infarction, IL-6=interleukin-6, CRP=C-reactive protein