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Activation mechanisms of human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. MAIT cells are activated by the MR1 ligand derived from microbes and drugs. Cytokines, including IL-12, IL-18, and IFNα, also activate MAIT cells by an antigen-independent mechanism. MAIT cells express several chemokine and cytokine receptors and homing receptors. Activated MAIT cells upregulate very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and secrete granzyme B and perforin, Th1/Th17 cytokines, and low levels of IL-10.
