MED31 acts in the SHR/SCR pathway to regulate ground tissue patterning. (A) RT-qPCR analysis showing the relative expression levels of SHR and SCR in WT and MED31-RNAi roots. Total RNA was extracted from 5-mm root tip sections of 5 DAG seedlings. Error bars represent SD from three independent experiments (Student’s t test, *P < 0.05). pSHR::SHR:GFP expression in WT (B and D) and MED31-RNAi (C and E) at 6 DAG is shown. (B and C, Insets) SHR-GFP levels in endodermal cells are shown in areas surrounded by the white dashed rectangles. Numbers indicate the endodermal-to-stele ratios of SHR-GFP fluorescence. Arrows in E show variations of SHR-GFP levels in endodermal cells of MED31-RNAi. (Scale bars, 50 μm.) pSCR::GFP:SCR expression in WT (F) and MED31-RNAi (G) at 6 DAG is shown. (Scale bars, 50 μm.) Root apical meristem phenotypes of WT (H), MED31-RNAi (I), scr-1 (J), MED31-RNAi scr-1 (K), shr-1 (L), and MED31-RNAi shr-1 (M) at 6 DAG are shown. (H′–M′) Magnifications of stem cell niche areas in H–M. (H–M, Insets) Root radial patterning is shown in areas surrounded by the white rectangles. Abbreviations: co, cortex; en, endodermis; ep, epidermis; m, mutant cell layer in shr-1 and scr-1; *, irregular cell layer in MED31-RNAi. (Scale bars, 50 μm.)