Table 1.

Baseline Study Participant Characteristics by Treatment Group

Characteristic	Intervention (N = 25)	Control (N = 25)	p Value
Age, mean (SD), years	77 (8.7)	85.4 (8.6)	.001
Female, N (%)	16 (64)	16 (64)	1.0
White race, N (%)	15 (60)	12 (48)	.4
Comorbidity index, mean (SD)	6 (2.0)	6.5 (1.7)	.4
Insurance, N (%)			.1
Medicare (FFS)	12 (48)	17 (68)
Commercial	13 (52)	6 (24)
Medicare advantage	0 (0)	2 (8)
Anxiety,a mean (SD)	4.1 (2.8)	3.3 (3.5)	.40
Pain,b mean (SD)	3.7 (2.9)	2.1 (2.9)	.06
General well-being,c mean (SD)	3.5 (2.7)	3.2 (3.6)	.75
Distress,d mean (SD)	4.2 (3.0)	3.0 (3.0)	.2
Cognitive impairment,e mean (SD)	1.1 (1.9)	2.6 (2.2)	.01
Nu-DESC score,f mean (SD)	0.5 (1.0)	0.9 (1.3)	.3

Note: FFS = fee for service; Nu-DESC = Nurses Delirium Screening Scale; SD = standard deviation.

^aRange 0–10; 0 (very relaxed); 10 (very tense).

^bRange 0–10; 0 (no pain); 10 (worst possible pain).

^cRange 0–10; 0 (very good); 10 (very bad).

^dRange 0–10; 0 (no distress/totally relaxed); 10 (highest distress/fear/anxiety).

^eCognitive impairment measured using the Six-Item Screener (range 0–6).

^fNu-DESC Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (range 0–10, score ≧ 2 indicates delirium).