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. 2018 Jun 8;64(1):249–267. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170880

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Fig. 3. — Administration with tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) enhances spatial learning in AβPP/PS1 mice as measured by the Morris water maze task. A) Schematic diagram of the Morris water maze (MWM) procedure. All mice were subjected to place navigation training, a probe test, and cued navigation test over 8 days. B) Escape latencies to reach the platform at a fixed location during place navigation training (acquisition) from day 1 to day 6. WT-ctrl and Tg-TRF showed significantly shorter escape latencies on training days 4, 5, and 6 compared to day 1, while Tg-ctrl mice showed no reduction compared to day 1. C) On day 6 of place navigation training, Tg-ctrl mice took significantly longer to reach the platform than WT-ctrl mice, while Tg-TRF were quicker than Tg-ctrl mice. D) No significant differences in swim speed were observed among groups. E, F) A single probe test was conducted one day after the last place navigation training trial. Tg-ctrl mice spent less significantly time in the target quadrant and made fewer annulus crossings than WT-ctrl mice. G) On day 8, the cued navigation test (visible platform test) was conducted. Mice failing to reach a criterion of 20-s latency for the last three trials were considered impaired and removed from the MWM task analysis. No significant differences were detected among groups. For B, D, and G, data represent mean±S.E.M. [Tukey post hoc test after 2-way analysis of variance (WT-ctrl, n = 12; Tg-ctrl, n = 8; Tg-TRF; n = 9; Tg-PO, n = 9)]. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001, ^****p < 0.0001. For C, E, and F, data represent mean±S.E.M. [Bonferroni post hoc test after analysis of variance (WT-ctrl, n = 12; Tg-ctrl, n = 8; Tg-TRF; n = 9; Tg-PO, n = 9)]. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01.