Table 4.
Lung cancer tumor characteristics by oral bisphosphonate use (1993–2013)
| Characteristics | Oral bisphosphonate use |
P valueb | HR (95% CI)c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never (%) | Ever (%)a | |||
| Histological typed | ||||
| Small cell | 214 (10.4) | 26 (11.1) | 0.49 | 1.10 (0.72–1.67) |
| Nonsmall-cell | 1844 (89.6) | 209 (88.9) | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | |
| Adenocarcinoma | 1112 (49.5) | 140 (55.1) | 0.97 (0.81–1.17) | |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 315 (14.0) | 31 (12.2) | 0.88 (0.61–1.29) | |
| SEER stage | ||||
| Localized | 572 (25.5) | 80 (31.5) | 0.22 | 1.16 (0.91–1.48) |
| Regional | 550 (24.5) | 63 (24.8) | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | |
| Distant | 839 (37.4) | 87 (34.2) | 0.83 (0.66–1.04) | |
| Unknown | 284 (12.6) | 24 (9.5) | – | |
| Grading | ||||
| Well differentiated | 221 (9.8) | 31 (12.2) | 0.44 | 1.20 (0.82–1.77) |
| Moderately differentiated | 409 (18.2) | 53 (20.9) | 1.06 (0.79–1.42) | |
| Poorly differentiated | 459 (20.4) | 54 (21.3) | 1.00 (0.75–1.34) | |
| Anaplastic | 108 (4.8) | 11 (4.3) | 0.84 (0.45–1.58) | |
| Unknown | 1050 (46.7) | 105 (41.3) | – | |
Users reported at least 2 weeks of use; nonusers included never users and those who used for <2 weeks. Baseline oral bisphosphonate use was updated at years 1, 3 and 6 for women in the WHI-CT and at year 3 for women in the WHI-OS.
χ2 tests are for categorical variables comparing oral bisphosphonate users with nonusers.
Adjusted for baseline age, ethnicity, education, smoking status, number of cigarettes per day, duration of regular smoking in years, alcohol use status, BMI, physical activity, total calcium intake, total vitamin D intake, statins use, and hormone treatment status and stratified on WHI study component.
Histologic subtypes were classified according to International Classification of Disease for Oncology and WHO Classification of Tumors for tumors of the lung. Nonsmall-cell lung cancer includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma and pleomorphic carcinoma.