Table III.
Group Comparisons on Sleep–Wake Disturbances
| Sleep–wake domain | SB groupM (SD)/N (%) | TD groupM (SD)/N (%) | ANCOVA F or χ2 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep quality | ||||
| Sleep efficiency (actigraphy) | ||||
| Average (0–100%) | 74.6 (11.6) | 83.3 (5.4) | F1, 70 = 14.23** | <.001 |
| Poor sleep efficiency (<80) | 21 (56.8) | 7 (18.9) | χ2 = 11.26** | .001 |
| Sleep quality (ASWS) | 4.0 (0.7) | 4.5 (0.6) | F1, 69 = 7.69** | .007 |
| Sleep duration | ||||
| Sleep duration (actigraphy) | ||||
| Average (hours, minutes) | 6 hr, 9 min | 6 hr, 37 min | F1, 70 = 3.05 | .085 |
| % Short sleep (<6 hr) | 16 (43.2) | 8 (21.6) | χ2 = 3.95* | .047 |
| Sleep behavior | ||||
| Sleep habits (ASHS) | 4.6 (0.8) | 5.0 (0.5) | F1, 67 = 3.83 | .055 |
| Insomnia—sleep onset | χ2 = 2.20 | .332 | ||
| Minimal | 17 (47.2) | 23 (62.2) | ||
| Moderate | 12 (33.3) | 7 (18.9) | ||
| Severe | 7 (19.4) | 7 (18.9) | ||
| Insomnia—sleep maintenance | χ2 = 11.22** | .004 | ||
| Minimal | 15 (42.9) | 30 (81.1) | ||
| Moderate | 11 (31.4) | 4 (10.8) | ||
| Severe | 9 (25.7%) | 3 (8.1%) | ||
| Fatigue | ||||
| Sleep/rest fatigue (PedsQL-MFS) | 60.5 (21.1) | 73.7 (15.1) | F1, 69 = 4.30* | .042 |
Note. ASHS = Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale; ASWS = Adolescent Sleep–Wake Scale; PedsQL-MFS = Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (Lower PedsQL-MFS scores indicate greater problems with fatigue); SB = spina bifida; Sleep Variability = average variation in total sleep time; TD = typically developing; WASO = minutes awake after sleep onset.
**
p < .01; *p <.05.