Table 3:

Case examples of CS benefits in Health Impact Assessment

Bubble in Figure 1a	Case example
1. Involvement of citizens (residents)	Community representatives (Aboriginal community) participated in HIA Steering Group and decided on scope and methods of an HIA on a broad set of government measures to protect children and families (NTER). Health impact indicators are based on Aboriginal concept of health (Australian Indigenous Doctors’ Association and Centre for Health Equity Training, 2010).
2. Inclusion of lay and local knowledge	Community experiential knowledge was key to specifying relations between those social determinants considered meaningful by the community, individual and community mental health. The pathways thus developed served as a basis for an HIA on policy regarding the use of arrest records in employment decisions. (Todman et al., 2013).
3. Increased research capacity	Community representatives collect data about resident qualifications of current situation and experiences with earlier cut-downs on bus services (survey, interview) in a HIA on public transport (Alameda County Public Health Department, 2013).
4. Health literacy	Residents engaged in an HIA on local health hazard control policy were provided information about legal frameworks, policies and health hazards. They reported increased knowledge on health hazards, the social determinants of health, and the need to address these(Inmuong et al. 2011).
5. Empowerment	Residents representing a local community assessed potential health impacts of a plan to create an outdoor recreation area nearby, using the local community health vision as a starting point. They prepared a set of recommendations providing points of attention and proposals to adapt the project plan(Eaton and Cameron, 2008).
6. Community building, social capital, social learning, trust	An HIA on a regional transport policy explicitly aimed at building co-working relations between community and different agencies. Evaluators of the HIA observed that some, though not all, community members thought this was accomplished (Kearns and Pursell, 2007).
7. Changes in attitudes, norms, values	HIA of remediation of a former industrial site included HIA training of community members. This resulted in a more positive attitude towards HIA(Lester et al. 2003).

^aThe numbers refer to the bubbles in Figure 1.