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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cytokine. 2018 Sep;109:17–23. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.024

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Distinct signaling pathways for atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3). Typically, chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12, purple circle) binds to CXCR4 and activates classical GPCR signaling events such as cell proliferation, chemotaxis and calcium influx. ACKR3 can heterodimerize with CXCR4, causing conformational rearrangements in G-protein complexes and partiality to β-arrestin rather than classical GPCR signaling in response to CXCL12 binding. This heterodimer effect is reduced by CXCL11 (blue circle) binding to ACKR3/CXCR4. ACKR3 can also sequester CXCL12, CXCL11, adrenomedullin (red circle), adrenal opioid proenkephalin A (green circle), and vCCL2 (yellow circle) ligands, leading to possible ligand internalization and degradation through β-arrestin recruitment.