Table 2.
Association of Airflow Obstruction, Spirometric Restriction, Chronic Cough, and Chronic Phlegm with Use of Solid Fuels for Cooking or Heating
| Men |
Women |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) |
I2 (%) | OR (95% CI) |
I2 (%) | |||||||
| uCa:uNCa/nuCa:nuNCa | All Sites | LMIC | HIC | uCa:uNCa/nuCa:nuNCa | All Sites | LMIC | HIC | |||
| Overall | ||||||||||
| Airflow obstruction | 525:3,437/345:2,972 | 1.20 (0.94–1.53) | 1.16 (0.90–1.51) | 1.17 (0.73–1.86) | NS | 439:4,527/380:3,273 | 0.88 (0.67–1.15) | 0.81 (0.55–1.20) | 0.94 (0.64–1.36) | 44.5 |
| Spirometric restriction | 1,786:2,740/1,071:2,374 | 0.89 (0.75–1.06) | 0.89 (0.76–1.05) | 0.89 (0.58–1.37) | NS | 2,327:3,015/1,117:2,646 | 1.03 (0.87–1.21) | 1.02 (0.83–1.25) | 1.04 (0.75–1.43) | NS |
| Chronic cough | 328:3,301/233:3,038 | 0.94 (0.70–1.27) | 1.06 (0.70–1.60) | 0.80 (0.53–1.21) | NS | 384:3,848/311:3,214 | 1.06 (0.79–1.42) | 1.05 (0.68–1.63) | 1.12 (0.79–1.60) | 55.1 |
| Chronic phlegm | 409:3,121/278:2,980 | 1.23 (0.99–1.54) | 1.19 (0.84–1.70) | 1.37 (0.97–1.94) | NS | 308:2,817/294:3,057 | 1.16 (0.94–1.42) | 1.12 (0.93–1.36) | 1.22 (0.76–1.97) | NS |
| Never-smokers | ||||||||||
| Airflow obstruction | 94:1,058/68:997 | 1.00 (0.57–1.76) | 1.15 (0.62–2.14) | 0.81 (0.26–2.48) | NS | 252:3,236/155:2,127 | 1.00 (0.76–1.32) | 1.11 (0.79–1.55) | 0.75 (0.46–1.23) | NS |
| Spirometric restriction | 860:965/449:899 | 0.72 (0.57–0.91) | 0.62 (0.50–0.78) | 1.20 (0.70–2.06) | NS | 2,039:2,223/876:1,717 | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) | 1.01 (0.82–1.23) | 1.03 (0.63–1.69) | NS |
| Chronic cough | 63:913/52:932 | 0.88 (0.55–1.40) | 1.37 (0.69–2.72) | 0.57 (0.29–1.09) | NS | 223:2,598/139:1,860 | 1.33 (0.94–1.89) | 1.36 (0.82–2.25) | 1.30 (0.87–1.94) | 50.7 |
| Chronic phlegm | 99:927/65:997 | 1.57 (0.90–2.74) | 1.54 (0.68–3.51) | 1.58 (0.69–3.62) | NS | 204:2,189/155:2,015 | 1.28 (1.04–1.58) | 1.29 (0.97–1.71) | 1.42 (0.92–2.19) | NS |
Definition of abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; HIC = high-income country; LMIC = low-/middle-income country; NS = non–statistically significant (i.e., P > 0.05) heterogeneity (I2); nuCa = nonusers of solid fuel, cases; nuNCa = nonusers of solid fuel, noncases; OR = odds ratio; uCa = users of solid fuel, cases; uNCa = users of solid fuel, noncases.
Adjusted for age, height, body mass index, pack-years, and cumulative exposure to dusty jobs.