Table 8.
Association of Chronic Phlegm with Use of Solid Fuels for Cooking in the BOLD (Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease) Study, Restricting the Analysis per Cooking Characteristics
| Men | Women |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cooking Fuel | uCa:uNCa/nuCa:nuNCa | OR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | uCa:uNCa/nuCa:nuNCa | OR (95% CI) | I2 (%) |
| Charcoal, coal, or coke* | 108:764/226:2,236 | 1.28 (0.86–1.92) | NS | 102:668/268:2,713 | 1.73 (1.22–2.44) | NS |
| 1–19 yr | 53:385/225:2,187 | 1.19 (0.68–2.06) | NS | 49:275/244:2,197 | 1.78 (0.81–3.95) | 75.3 |
| 20+ yr | 54:327/123:1,079 | 1.74 (1.09–2.78) | NS | 53:307/268:2,713 | 2.36 (1.47–3.77) | NS |
| >1 h/d | 6:15/26:140 | 0.89 (0.15–5.36) | NS | 25:177/75:743 | 1.91 (0.79–4.61) | NS |
| with ventilation | 4:14/26:140 | 0.72 (0.20–2.55) | NS | 20:162/47:574 | 2.02 (0.57–7.11) | 72.0 |
| without ventilation | 2:1/20:116 | 11.3 (0.70–182) | NA | 5:7/49:361 | 8.18 (0.97–69.3) | NS |
| Wood, crop residues or dung* | 267:2,040/248:2,514 | 1.40 (1.03–1.89) | NS | 201:1,747/294:3,057 | 1.41 (0.98–2.03) | 62.7 |
| 1–19 yr | 121:807/214:2,082 | 1.62 (1.04–2.51) | NS | 90:810/284:2,847 | 1.17 (0.67–2.05) | 67.8 |
| 20+ yr | 142:1,149/205:2,050 | 1.31 (0.79–2.15) | 53.0 | 110:874/260:2,552 | 2.09 (1.31–3.34) | 53.8 |
| >1 h/d | 13:90/32:273 | 2.36 (0.12–47.8) | 87.3 | 53:504/76:808 | 1.76 (0.87–3.60) | NS |
| with ventilation | 11:77/32:273 | 1.92 (0.15–24.4) | 82.8 | 44:449/48:639 | 1.74 (0.91–3.34) | NS |
| without ventilation | 1:13/20:116 | 0.41 (0.04–3.98) | NA | 9:38/59:492 | 2.92 (0.36–23.8) | 79.9 |
For definition of abbreviations see Table 3.
Adjusted for age, height, body mass index, pack-years, and cumulative exposure to dusty jobs.
*
Versus no use of solid fuels for cooking.