Table 1.
Maternal and neonatal baseline characteristics by maternal plasma 25(OH)D levels among 292 participants in the GUSTO study
| N (%) | 25(OH)D sufficiency >75.0 nmol/L N = 156 (53.4) | 25(OH)D inadequacy ≤75.0 nmol/L N = 136 (46.6) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Ethnicity, N (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Chinese (N = 131) | 96 (61.5) | 35 (25.7) | |
| Malay (N = 115) | 39 (25.0) | 76 (55.9) | |
| Indian (N = 46) | 21 (13.5) | 25 (18.4) | |
| Parity, N (%) | 0.879 | ||
| Primiparous | 61 (39.1) | 52 (38.2) | |
| Multiparous | 95 (60.9) | 84 (61.8) | |
| Maternal education, N (%) | 0.623 | ||
| Primary and below | 8 (5.3) | 6 (4.5) | |
| Secondary/technical education | 74 (49.0) | 72 (54.1) | |
| Diploma/ University | 69 (45.7) | 55 (41.4) | |
| Age (year) | 30 ± 5 | 29 ± 5 | 0.010 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 22.4 ± 4.6 | 23.8 ± 5.1 | 0.019 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.5 ± 0.7 | 0.055 |
| 2-h plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 6.3 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 1.4 | 0.250 |
| Neonatal characteristics | |||
| Sex, N (%) | 0.240 | ||
| Male (N = 161) | 91 (58.3) | 70 (51.5) | |
| Female (N = 131) | 65 (41.7) | 66 (48.5) | |
| Birth weight (kg) | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 0.081 |
| Gestational age (wk.) | 38.7 ± 1.2 | 38.7 ± 1.2 | 0. 526 |
| Age on MRI day (d) | 10 ± 3 | 10 ± 2 | 0.166 |
| Weight on the day of MRI (kg) | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 0.256 |
| sSAT (ml) | 74.7 ± 21.0 | 81.3 ± 22.5 | 0.010 |
| dSAT (ml) | 12.2 ± 5.2 | 14.3 ± 5.8 | 0.002 |
| IAT (ml) | 22.9 ± 8.1 | 22.9 ± 7.3 | 0.976 |
Data shown are N (%) for categorical variables or mean ± SD for continuous variables
P-values are based on between group comparisons of 25(OH)D groups using ANOVA for continuous variables and χ2-test for categorical variables among 25(OH)D groups
sSAT abdominal superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue, dSAT abdominal deep subcutaneous adipose tissue, IAT, abdominal internal adipose tissue