Table 1. Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Author | Location | Study duration |
Exposure Measurement method | Data source | No. of participants | Exposure range mean (IQR) / (SD) μg/m3 | PM2.5 chemical constituents | Exposure mode | Study design | Biomarker measurement source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pope, C. A. III et al | Utah USA | 2013- 2015 |
Regional level | Monitoring network data | 72 | 0–130 | 24h | Prospective | Blood | |
| Pelletier, G. et al | Ottawa, Ontario, Canada | 2010 | Regional level | Monitoring network data | 58 | 10.8 (3.5–27.6) | CO SO2 O3 NO2 NO | Lag 0 | Prospective | Urine |
| Liu, L. et al | Windsor Ontario, Canada | 2007 | Individual level | Personal monitor | 28 | 6.3 (7.1) | 24h | Prospective | Blood | |
| Liu, L. et al | Canada Toronto | 2013 | Individual level | Personal monitor | 20 | 238.4 ±62 | CO SO2 O3 NO2 | 1h 21h | Prospective | Blood and urine |
| Niu, J. et al | China Gansu | 2010 | Regional level | Exposure equipment testing | 20 | 54.5±39.8 | Ni, As, Se, Cu | 24h | Prospective | Blood |
| Naveed, B. et al | NewYork, USA | 2011 | Regional level | Monitoring network data | 271 | - | 24h | Retrospective | Blood |