Figure 5.3.

Sodium channel mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance. Sodium channel proteins contain four homologous repeats (I–IV), each having six transmembrane segments (1–6). (A) kdr mutations functionally confirmed in Xenopus oocytes. Solid circles and up triangles denote mutations from more than one species and or a single species, respectively. The four mutations that have been examined in oocytes, but did not reduce pyrethroid sensitivity, are marked with asterisk (*). (B) Sodium channel mutations that have not been examined functionally in oocytes. Solid circles denote those detected in more than one species and down triangles for those from a single species. Positions of mutations are designated based on house fly numbering (GenBank accession number: AAB47604). See Rinkevich et al. (2013), Kristensen (2005), Li et al. (2012), and Xu et al. (2012) for details on these mutations.