Table 6.
Factors affecting symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders among men
| Factor | Number (n = 501) | Neck pain |
Shoulder pain |
Elbow pain |
Wrist and hand pain |
Upper back pain |
Low back pain |
Hip and thigh pain |
Knee pain |
Foot pain |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
| Age (y) | ||||||||||
| <20 | 33 (7.4) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 20–29 | 196 (39.1) | 0.60 (0.27, 1.33) | 1.31 (0.50, 3.40) | 1.23 (0.15, 10.92) | 1.99 (0.43, 9.19) | 1.78 (0.76, 4.21) | 1.13 (0.54, 2.39) | 5.43 (0.71, 41.63) | 4.01 (0.51, 31.73) | 1.37 (0.29, 6.53) |
| 30–39 | 190 (37.9) | 0.68 (0.31, 1.51) | 1.316 (0.50, 3.46) | 1.42 (0.17, 12.11) | 2.09 (0.45, 9.78) | 1.35 (0.56, 3.24) | 0.94 (0.44, 2.01) | 6.90 (0.90, 52.93) | 7.05 (0.89, 55.45) | 2.60 (0.56, 12.13) |
| 40–49 | 63 (12.6) | 0.867 (0.35, 2.17) | 1.074 (0.35, 3.33) | 1.936 (0.19, 19.45) | 2.697 (0.51, 14.22) | 1.909 (0.72, 5.05) | 1.44 (0.61, 3.42) | 8.151 (0.99, 67.35) | 8.777 (1.04, 74.18) | 3.585 (0.69, 18.54) |
| >50 | 15 (3) | 1.980 (0.54, 7.32) | 1.371 (0.28, 6.77) | 6.334 (0.50, 80.37) | 6.116 (0.84, 44.56) | 1.340 (0.32, 5.69) | 0.85 (0.22, 3.23) | 9.089 (0.82, 100.40) | 7.634 (7.59, 98.78) | 6.185 (0.83, 46.14) |
| Period of insecticide use (y) | ||||||||||
| <5 | 12 (2.4) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1–5 | 368 (73.5) | 2.13 (0.45, 10.16) | 1.01 (0.26, 3.94) | 0.47 (0.05, 4.22) | 1.86 (0.22, 15.60) | 1.70 (0.43, 6.72) | 2.97 (0.74, 11.93) | 2.22 (0.27, 18.17) | 0.32 (0.08, 1.23) | 0.44 (0.10, 1.86) |
| 6–10 | 112 (22.4) | 0.97 (1.90, 4.94) | 0.77 (0.18, 3.22) | 0.50 (0.05, 5.03) | 1.179 (0.13, 10.77) | 1.19 (0.29, 4.93) | 2.55 (0.61, 10.67) | 1.09 (0.12, 9.72) | 0.24 (0.06, 1.00) | 0.43 (0.09, 2.01) |
| >10 | 9 (1.8) | 1.66 (1.90, 14.51) | 1.06 (0.12, 8.90) | 0.000 (0) | 0.000 (0) | 0.91 (0.11, 7.85) | 0.95 (0.11, 8.25) | 2.99 (0.21, 42.36) | 0.00 (0) | 0.000 (0) |
| Total area of plantation (acres) | ||||||||||
| <20 | 250 (49.9) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 20–39 | 173 (34.5) | 1.46 (0.90, 2.36) | 0.48 (0.27, 0.84) | 0.67 (0.22, 2.05) | 1.07 (0.51, 2.24) | 1.09 (0.70, 1.73) | 1.17 (0.77, 1.76) | 0.75 (0.41, 1.38) | 0.89 (0.45, 1.77) | 0.73 (0.34, 1.58) |
| >39 | 78 (15.6) | 2.45 (1.35, 4.45) | 1.55 (0.86, 2.78) | 1.83 (0.62, 5.37) | 3.57 (1.68, 7.59) | 2.50 (1.44, 4.33) | 3.53 (2.03, 6.11) | 1.37 (0.66, 2.81) | 2.96 (1.44, 6.0) | 3.94 (1.92, 8.09) |
| Standing work | ||||||||||
| No | 179 (35.7) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 322 (64.3) | 0.83 (0.48, 1.45) | 0.90 (0.50, 1.62) | 2.22 (0.53, 9.27) | 1.22 (0.55, 2.73) | 1.19 (0.71, 2.03) | 1.16 (0.71, 1.89) | 0.58 (0.29, 1.13) | 0.53 (0.26, 1.08) | 0.77 (0.34, 1.58) |
| Trunk flexion, neck flexion, and twist | ||||||||||
| No | 179 (35.7) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Yes | 322 (64.31) | 0.93 (0.54, 1.62) | 0.89 (0.49, 1.58) | 2.16 (0.52, 8.91) | 0.91 (0.42, 1.98) | 1.27 (0.75, 2.13) | 1.53 (0.94, 2.79) | 1.38 (0.70, 2.74) | 1.09 (0.53, 2.27) | 0.96 (0.45, 2.07) |
| Elevated shoulders/arms | ||||||||||
| No | 225 (49.9) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 276 (55.1) | 1.68 (1.08, 2.61) | 1.39 (0.87, 2.20) | 0.94 (0.38, 2.35) | 1.57 (0.83, 2.97) | 1.52 (1.01, 2.95) | 1.08 (0.74, 1.57) | 0.90 (0.53, 1.53) | 1.46 (0.81, 2.63) | 1.34 (0.72, 2.50) |
Data presented as aOR (95% CI). Reference group for each factor: age: <20 years (Ref.); period of insecticide use: ≤1 year (Ref.); total plantation area: ≤20 acres (Ref.); standing work: no (Ref.); trunk flexion, neck flexion, and twist: no (Ref.); elevated shoulders/arms: no (Ref.).
Covariates adjusted: age, period of insecticide use, total plantation area, standing work, trunk and neck flexion, twist; elevated shoulders/arms.
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Ref., reference.