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. 2017 Jun 30;9(2):192–202. doi: 10.1016/j.shaw.2017.06.009

Table 6.

Factors affecting symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders among men

Factor Number (n = 501) Neck pain
Shoulder pain
Elbow pain
Wrist and hand pain
Upper back pain
Low back pain
Hip and thigh pain
Knee pain
Foot pain
aOR (95% CI) aOR (95% CI) aOR (95% CI) aOR (95% CI) aOR (95% CI) aOR (95% CI) aOR (95% CI) aOR (95% CI) aOR (95% CI)
Age (y)
 <20 33 (7.4) Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 20–29 196 (39.1) 0.60 (0.27, 1.33) 1.31 (0.50, 3.40) 1.23 (0.15, 10.92) 1.99 (0.43, 9.19) 1.78 (0.76, 4.21) 1.13 (0.54, 2.39) 5.43 (0.71, 41.63) 4.01 (0.51, 31.73) 1.37 (0.29, 6.53)
 30–39 190 (37.9) 0.68 (0.31, 1.51) 1.316 (0.50, 3.46) 1.42 (0.17, 12.11) 2.09 (0.45, 9.78) 1.35 (0.56, 3.24) 0.94 (0.44, 2.01) 6.90 (0.90, 52.93) 7.05 (0.89, 55.45) 2.60 (0.56, 12.13)
 40–49 63 (12.6) 0.867 (0.35, 2.17) 1.074 (0.35, 3.33) 1.936 (0.19, 19.45) 2.697 (0.51, 14.22) 1.909 (0.72, 5.05) 1.44 (0.61, 3.42) 8.151 (0.99, 67.35) 8.777 (1.04, 74.18) 3.585 (0.69, 18.54)
 >50 15 (3) 1.980 (0.54, 7.32) 1.371 (0.28, 6.77) 6.334 (0.50, 80.37) 6.116 (0.84, 44.56) 1.340 (0.32, 5.69) 0.85 (0.22, 3.23) 9.089 (0.82, 100.40) 7.634 (7.59, 98.78) 6.185 (0.83, 46.14)
Period of insecticide use (y)
 <5 12 (2.4) Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 1–5 368 (73.5) 2.13 (0.45, 10.16) 1.01 (0.26, 3.94) 0.47 (0.05, 4.22) 1.86 (0.22, 15.60) 1.70 (0.43, 6.72) 2.97 (0.74, 11.93) 2.22 (0.27, 18.17) 0.32 (0.08, 1.23) 0.44 (0.10, 1.86)
 6–10 112 (22.4) 0.97 (1.90, 4.94) 0.77 (0.18, 3.22) 0.50 (0.05, 5.03) 1.179 (0.13, 10.77) 1.19 (0.29, 4.93) 2.55 (0.61, 10.67) 1.09 (0.12, 9.72) 0.24 (0.06, 1.00) 0.43 (0.09, 2.01)
 >10 9 (1.8) 1.66 (1.90, 14.51) 1.06 (0.12, 8.90) 0.000 (0) 0.000 (0) 0.91 (0.11, 7.85) 0.95 (0.11, 8.25) 2.99 (0.21, 42.36) 0.00 (0) 0.000 (0)
Total area of plantation (acres)
 <20 250 (49.9) Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 20–39 173 (34.5) 1.46 (0.90, 2.36) 0.48 (0.27, 0.84) 0.67 (0.22, 2.05) 1.07 (0.51, 2.24) 1.09 (0.70, 1.73) 1.17 (0.77, 1.76) 0.75 (0.41, 1.38) 0.89 (0.45, 1.77) 0.73 (0.34, 1.58)
 >39 78 (15.6) 2.45 (1.35, 4.45) 1.55 (0.86, 2.78) 1.83 (0.62, 5.37) 3.57 (1.68, 7.59) 2.50 (1.44, 4.33) 3.53 (2.03, 6.11) 1.37 (0.66, 2.81) 2.96 (1.44, 6.0) 3.94 (1.92, 8.09)
Standing work
 No 179 (35.7) Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Yes 322 (64.3) 0.83 (0.48, 1.45) 0.90 (0.50, 1.62) 2.22 (0.53, 9.27) 1.22 (0.55, 2.73) 1.19 (0.71, 2.03) 1.16 (0.71, 1.89) 0.58 (0.29, 1.13) 0.53 (0.26, 1.08) 0.77 (0.34, 1.58)
Trunk flexion, neck flexion, and twist
 No 179 (35.7) Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Yes 322 (64.31) 0.93 (0.54, 1.62) 0.89 (0.49, 1.58) 2.16 (0.52, 8.91) 0.91 (0.42, 1.98) 1.27 (0.75, 2.13) 1.53 (0.94, 2.79) 1.38 (0.70, 2.74) 1.09 (0.53, 2.27) 0.96 (0.45, 2.07)
Elevated shoulders/arms
 No 225 (49.9) Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Yes 276 (55.1) 1.68 (1.08, 2.61) 1.39 (0.87, 2.20) 0.94 (0.38, 2.35) 1.57 (0.83, 2.97) 1.52 (1.01, 2.95) 1.08 (0.74, 1.57) 0.90 (0.53, 1.53) 1.46 (0.81, 2.63) 1.34 (0.72, 2.50)

Data presented as aOR (95% CI). Reference group for each factor: age: <20 years (Ref.); period of insecticide use: ≤1 year (Ref.); total plantation area: ≤20 acres (Ref.); standing work: no (Ref.); trunk flexion, neck flexion, and twist: no (Ref.); elevated shoulders/arms: no (Ref.).

Covariates adjusted: age, period of insecticide use, total plantation area, standing work, trunk and neck flexion, twist; elevated shoulders/arms.

aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Ref., reference.