Table 7.
Factors affecting symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders among women
| Factor | Number (n = 360) | Neck pain |
Shoulder pain |
Elbow pain |
Wrist and hand pain |
Upper back pain |
Low back pain |
Hip and thigh pain |
Knee pain |
Foot pain |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
| Age (y) | ||||||||||
| <20 | 40 (11.1) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 20–29 | 152 (42.2) | 0.52 (0.23, 1.19) | 1.40 (0.58, 3.39) | 2.32 (0.25, 21.58) | 0.90 (0.32, 2.55) | 1.45 (0.62, 3.39) | 1.07 (0.52, 2.22) | 1.68 (0.59, 4.76) | 0.41 (0.17, 1.02) | 0.74 (0.26, 2.12) |
| 30–39 | 119 (33.1) | 0.41 (0.17, 0.98) | 1.11 (0.44, 2.77) | 2.19 (0.23, 20.92) | 1.03 (0.35, 2.99) | 1.21 (0.50, 2.93) | 0.72 (0.34, 1.54) | 2.28 (0.79, 6.55) | 0.38 (0.15, 0.99) | 1.07 (0.37, 3.07) |
| 40–49 | 35 (9.7) | 1.18 (0.42, 3.29) | 1.13 (0.36, 3.54) | 2.88 (0.31, 38.63) | 0.32 (0.06, 1.87) | 0.78 (0.24, 2.48) | 0.32 (0.12, 0.90) | 0.49 (0.10, 2.31) | 0.31 (0.08, 1.18) | 0.00 (0) |
| >50 | 14 (3.9) | 0.74 (0.17, 3.18) | 0.94 (0.19, 4.47) | 0.00 (0) | 1.73 (0.33, 9.22) | 1.32 (0.31, 5.59) | 0.51 (0.13, 1.94) | 1.55 (0.29, 8.17) | 1.24 (0.28, 5.5) | 0.46 (0.05, 4.58) |
| Period of insecticide use (y) | ||||||||||
| <1 | 9 (2.5) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1–5 | 283 (78.6) | 5.40 (0.58, 48.83) | 3.20 (0.37, 27.5) | 0.46 (0.04, 4.98) | 2.93 (0.31, 27.41) | 4.83 (0.55, 42.71) | 4.53 (0.85, 24.1) | 3.06 (0.35, 27.09) | — | 0.88 (0.16, 4.86) |
| 6–10 | 55 (15.3) | 3.859 (0.38, 39.11) | 2.84 (0.30, 26.55) | 0.12 (0.01, 2.53) | 0.61 (0.05, 7.63) | 2.69 (0.28, 26.03) | 5.92 (1.02, 34.33) | 3.28 (0.34, 31.48) | — | 0.44 (0.06, 3.22) |
| >10 | 13 (3.6) | 10.75 (0.88, 131.61) | 3.91 (0.33, 46.05) | 0.57 (0.02, 13.15) | 5.84 (0.437, 78.07) | 6.76 (0.56, 81.02) | 8.13 (1.04, 63.74) | 5.54 (0.44, 69.28) | — | 2.19 (0.23, 20.46) |
| Total area of plantation (acres) | ||||||||||
| <20 | 197 (54.7) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 20–39 | 104 (28.9) | 0.46 (0.23, 0.95) | 0.58 (0.31, 1.07) | 0.00 (0) | 0.39 (0.15, 1.0) | 0.69 (0.38, 1.24) | 0.97 (0.59, 1.6) | 1.49 (0.80, 2.77) | 1.55 (0.76, 3.15) | 0.91 (0.39, 2.15) |
| >39 | 59 (16.4) | 3.03 (1.58, 5.80) | 1.75 (0.92, 3.32) | 3.50 (1.20, 10.19) | 4.00 (1.93, 8.3) | 2.82 (1.50, 5.30) | 2.83 (1.50, 5.36) | 3.56 (1.82, 6.96) | 4.69 (2.21, 9.94) | 3.16 (1.44, 6.94) |
| Standing work | ||||||||||
| No | 156 (44.2) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 201 (55.8) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.80) | 0.99 (0.53, 1.84) | 0.37 (0.11, 1.28) | 1.67 (0.72, 3.86) | 1.01 (0.55, 1.85) | 1.05 (0.61, 1.80) | 0.89 (0.46, 1.72) | 1.81 (0.81, 4.04) | 0.63 (0.27, 1.46) |
| Trunk flexion, neck flexion, and twist | ||||||||||
| No | 129 (35.8) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 231 (64.2) | 1.18 (0.59, 2.35) | 0.79 (0.42, 1.49) | 4.07 (1.02, 16.19) | 0.92 (0.39, 2.14) | 1.32 (0.70, 2.46) | 1.18 (0.67, 2.07) | 1.46 (0.73, 2.90) | 1.11 (0.48, 2.53) | 1.42 (0.59, 3.40) |
| Elevated shoulders/arms | ||||||||||
| No | 167 (46.4) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 193 (53.6) | 1.82 (1.07, 3.12) | 1.27 (0.77, 2.10) | 0.853 (0.29, 2.43) | 0.657 (0.34, 1.26) | 0.71 (0.43, 1.15) | 1.04 (0.67, 1.61) | 0.63 (0.37, 1.07) | 0.88 (0.48, 1.62) | 1.03 (0.53, 2.02) |
Data presented as aOR (95% CI). Reference group for each factor: age: <20 years (Ref.); period of insecticide use: ≤1 year (Ref.); total plantation area: ≤20 acres (Ref.); standing work: no (Ref.); trunk flexion, neck flexion, and twist: no (Ref.); elevated shoulders/arms: no (Ref.).
Covariates adjusted: age, period of insecticide use, total plantation area, standing work, trunk flexion, neck flexion, twist, and elevated shoulders/arms.
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Ref., reference.