Table 5.

Measurement invariance by country, gender and age group

	χ 2	df	p-value	RMSEA	RMSEA 90% lower	RMSEA 90% upper	TLI	CFI	SRMR	Reference Model	∆x2	∆CFI
Gender
1.Configural	941.63	68	0.00	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.91	0.93	0.04	–	–	–
2.Metric	966.62	78	0.00	0.06	0.05	0.06	0.92	0.93	0.05	1	24.99	0.00
3.Scalar	1007.03	88	0.00	0.06	0.05	0.06	0.93	0.93	0.05	2	40.41	0.00
Age group (> 18 years vs ≤ 18 years)
1.Configural	962.39	68	0.00	0.06	0.06	0.07	0.91	0.93	0.05	–	–	–
2.Metric	1059.65	78	0.00	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.91	0.92	0.06	1	97.26	−0.01
3.Scalar	1326.31	88	0.00	0.06	0.06	0.07	0.90	0.90	0.07	2	266.66	−0.02
Country
1.Configural	1289.23	170	0.00	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.89	0.91	0.05	–	–	–
2.Metric	1840.18	210	0.00	0.08	0.07	0.08	0.87	0.87	0.07	1	550.95	−0.04
3.Scalar	4102.85	250	0.00	0.11	0.10	0.11	0.73	0.70	0.07	2	2262.67	−0.17

χ² chi-square, df degree of freedom, RMSEA root mean square error of approximation, CI confidence interval, TLI Tucker-Lewis index, CFI comparative fit index, SRMR standardized root mean squared residual. Measurment invariance by groups estimated with pooled sample