Table 6.
Ordinary Least Squares multivariate regression examining assocations with CES-D scale (range: 0–30)
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zimbabwe | Zambia | Tanzania | Malawi | Kenya | |
| Panel A: All youth | |||||
| Male | − 0.35 (0.37) | 0.14 (0.23) | −1.15*** (0.38) | − 0.12 (0.44) | 1.09** (0.41) |
| Age (years) | 0.18** (0.08) | 0.22*** (0.07) | 0.33*** (0.04) | 0.07 (0.08) | 0.19* (0.10) |
| Chronically ill (3+ months in past year) | 1.13 (0.96) | 0.48 (1.40) | –– | 0.15 (0.50) | 0.71 (1.02) |
| Enrolled in school or completed secondary | −0.85** (0.37) | −0.58** (0.29) | −0.37 (0.44) | −1.02** (0.41) | −0.20 (0.60) |
| Log per capita monthly expenditure | −1.28*** (0.41) | −0.82*** (0.20) | −0.18 (0.18) | − 0.59** (0.24) | 0.50 (0.59) |
| Constant | 12.19*** (1.85) | 8.57*** (1.47) | 5.89*** (1.11) | 15.67*** (2.54) | 1.01 (5.40) |
| N | 916 | 1982 | 1189 | 2098 | 651 |
| R-squared | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| Age range (years) | 13–19 | 13–17 | 14–28 | 13–19 | 15–25 |
| Panel B:18 years and younger | |||||
| Male | −0.28 (0.37) | 0.13 (0.23) | −1.08** (0.48) | −0.06 (0.45) | 1.51*** (0.51) |
| Age | 0.24** (0.11) | 0.22*** (0.07) | 0.44** (0.17) | 0.10 (0.11) | 0.52 (0.38) |
| Chronically ill (3+ months in past year) | 1.09 (0.99) | 0.56 (1.39) | – – | 0.16 (0.54) | 2.35 (1.95) |
| Orphan (both parents) | 0.15 (0.35) | 0.49* (0.28) | – – | 0.30 (0.31) | 0.72 (0.77) |
| Missing orphan status | 0.15 (1.66) | 1.05 (0.96) | – – | −0.50 (0.73) | 2.95 (4.22) |
| Enrolled in school | −0.84** (0.39) | −0.65** (0.28) | − 0.41 (0.43) | −0.99** (0.44) | −1.21 (0.93) |
| Log per capita monthly expenditure | −1.37*** (0.42) | −0.82*** (0.20) | −0.24 (0.22) | − 0.56** (0.23) | 1.03 (0.67) |
| Constant | 11.42*** (2.20) |
8.29*** (1.48) | 3.56 (2.76) | 14.78*** (2.82) | −8.40 (9.98) |
| N | 866 | 1982 | 611 | 1979 | 341 |
| R-squared | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
| Age range (years) | 13–18 | 13–17 | 14–18 | 13–18 | 15–18 |
Robust standard errors in parentheses; *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1. Geographic fixed effects for region or district of randomization stratification are included as appropriate by country but not reported
Samples are taken from baseline surveys of cash transfer evaluations and include youth from poor and vulnerable rural households, with the exception of Kenya for which measures were collected at endline and include only the control group. In Tanzania, a wealth index was used in place of monthly per capita expenditure, constructed via principle component analysis including household assets, dwelling characteristics. In Tanzania, chronic illness and orphan status were not collected