Table 3.
Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics between survivors and nonsurvivors in this study
| Items | Survivors (n = 163) | Nonsurvivors (n = 158) | Statistical values | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (months) | 2.3 (0.4, 57.2) | 7.0 (0.9, 64.0) | −2.19* | 0.029 |
| Weight (kg) | 4.6 (3.1, 16.1) | 6.2 (3.5, 22.5) | −2.14* | 0.032 |
| Male | 92 (56.4) | 87 (55.4) | 0.03† | 0.853 |
| Race (Asian) | 54 (34.0) | 83 (54.2) | 13.03† | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis | ||||
| Sepsis | 5 (3.1) | 15 (9.5) | 5.67† | 0.017 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 10 (6.1) | 18 (11.4) | 2.79† | 0.095 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 4 (2.5) | 12 (7.6) | 4.48† | 0.034 |
| Congenital heart disease | 111 (68.1) | 85 (53.8) | 6.90† | 0.009 |
| Pre-ECLS information | ||||
| Arterial blood gas values | ||||
| pH | 7.2 (7.0, 7.3) | 7.1 (6.9, 7.3) | −1.91‡ | 0.057 |
| HCO3− (mmol/L) | 17.4 (12.7, 22.0) | 16.0 (11.8, 21.0) | −1.54‡ | 0.124 |
| Pre-ECLS support | ||||
| Anesthetic | 110 (67.5) | 76 (48.1) | 12.37† | <0.001 |
| Neuromuscular blockers | 112 (68.7) | 82 (51.9) | 9.49† | 0.002 |
| Dobutamine | 37 (22.7) | 21 (13.3) | 4.80† | 0.029 |
| ECMO information | ||||
| Duration of ventilation before ECMO (h) | 5 (2, 23) | 5 (2, 29) | −0.35‡ | 0.726 |
| Time of ECMO (h) | 95 (61, 143) | 94 (31, 160) | −0.55‡ | 0.583 |
| Pump flow at 4th h (ml·kg−1·min−1) | 114 (78, 143) | 108 (68, 147) | −0.32‡ | 0.746 |
| Pump flow at 24th h (ml·kg−1·min−1) | 111 (77, 136) | 118 (80, 148) | −1.29‡ | 0.198 |
| Respiratory rate at 24th h (breath/min) | 10 (10, 18) | 15 (10, 20) | −2.69‡ | 0.007 |
| PIP at 24th h (cmH2O) | 20 (20, 24) | 22 (20, 25) | −2.27‡ | 0.023 |
| ECMO complications | ||||
| Clots in oxygenator | 38 (23.3) | 17 (10.8) | 8.91† | 0.003 |
| Clots in other parts | 45 (27.6) | 20 (12.7) | 11.10† | 0.001 |
| DIC | 3 (1.8) | 10 (6.3) | 4.16† | 0.041 |
| Brain death | 0 (0.0) | 16 (10.1) | 17.37† | <0.001 |
| CNS infarction by US/CT | 7 (4.3) | 21 (13.3) | 8.16† | 0.004 |
| CNS hemorrhage by US/CT | 8 (4.9) | 18 (11.4) | 4.53† | 0.033 |
| Vasopressor/Inotropes using during ECLS | 78 (47.9) | 93 (58.9) | 3.91† | 0.048 |
| Myocardial stunning by US | 1 (0.6) | 9 (5.7) | 5.29† | 0.021 |
| Hypertension requiring vasodilators | 53 (32.5) | 29 (18.4) | 8.46† | 0.004 |
Data are presented as n (%) or median (Q1, Q3). *t values; †χ2 values; ‡Z values. ECLS: Extracorporeal life support; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; PIP: Peak inspiratory pressure; DIC: Disseminated intravascular coagulation; CNS: Central nervous system; US: Ultrasonography; CT: Computed tomography; 1 cmH2O = 0.098 kPa.