Table 1.
Levels of various OS markers and antioxidants at birth in preterm newborns.
| Reference | Number of term/preterm newborns | GA of term newbornsa | GA of preterm newbornsa | Sample type | Sample timing | Available preterm newborns health status | Oxidative stress markers (vs. term newborns) | Antioxidant stress markers (vs. term newborns) | Additional findings in preterm newborns oxidative stress (vs. healthy PTB) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [19] | 10/10 | 40.4 (38–40.9) | 33.1 (32.9–35.7) | Erythrocytes / umbilical cord blood | at birth | No intensive care requirement and medical complications | ↑ hydroperoxides | ↓ vitamin E | |
| ↓ SOD | |||||||||
| ↓ GPx | |||||||||
| [11] | 116/124 | 38 (NA) | 34.7 (NA) | Umbilical cord blood | at birth | All were LBW and 51 were SGA | ↑ protein carbonyl | ↓ vitamin A | SGA PTB: ↑ protein carbonyl, ↑ MDA, ↓ vitamin A, ↓ vitamin C, ↓ vitamin E, ↓ TAS |
| No infection, hemolytic disease, hypertensive disorder, major malformations, history of difficult delivery, genetic disorder or fetal distress. | |||||||||
| ↓ vitamin C | |||||||||
| ↑ MDA | |||||||||
| ↓ vitamin E | |||||||||
| ↓ TAS | |||||||||
| [17] | 100/100 | 38 (37–40) | 31 (27–34) | Umbilical cord blood | at birth | No SGA newborns. | ↑ MDA | ↓ vitamin A | PTB with NEC: ↓vitamin A, ↑vitamin E, ↓CAT |
| 10 suffered from NEC, 20 from BPD, 24 from IVH and 28 did not survived. | |||||||||
| PTB with BPD: ↓vitaminA, ↑ vitamin E, ↓ TAS, ↓ CAT, ↑ MDA | |||||||||
| No gestational diabetes. No major congenital anomalies and no death within the first week. | |||||||||
| ↓ vitamin E | |||||||||
| ↓ TAS | |||||||||
| PTB with IVH: | |||||||||
| ↓ vitamin A, ↓ TAS, ↓ CAT, ↑ MDA | |||||||||
| ↓ CAT | |||||||||
| Parenteral nutrition begun for all within 24–48 h of life. | |||||||||
| PTB with death: | |||||||||
| ↑ MDA | |||||||||
| [21] | 179/21 | NA | NA | Umbilical cord blood | at birth | Healthy mothers without diabetes | ↑ protein carbonyl | ↓ vitamin A = vitamin E | |
| = 3 nitrotyrosine | |||||||||
| = MDA | |||||||||
| [31] | 25/33 | (38–42) | (24–36) | Umbilical cord blood | at birth | NA | ↑ vitamin C | ||
| [22] | 24/22 | 40.1 (NA) | 32.2 (NA) | Umbilical cord blood | at birth | No SGA. | ↑ NPBI | ↓ transferrin | |
| No hemolytic disease. | |||||||||
| 41% required respiratory support | |||||||||
| [14] | 32/32 | NA | NA | Umbilical cord blood | at birth | Born from mothers without history of diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes or smoking. Fetal distress was not the cause of prematurity | ↑ MDA | ↓ SOD | |
| ↓ GSH | |||||||||
| [26] | 9/15 | 39.2 (38–40) | 32.3 (29–34) | Umbilical cord blood | at birth | Good condition, only one were not breathing spontaneously by | ↓ SOD | ||
| 5 min of age, all were breathing room air by 24 h, no supplementary | |||||||||
| Oxygen requirements, no evidence of perinatal | |||||||||
| Hypoxia or episodes of proven sepsis | |||||||||
| [16] | 24/55 | 38 (NA) | 34.2 (NA) | Umbilical cord blood | at birth | All were LBW. | ↑ MDA | ↓ TAS | MDA and 8-OHdG correlate negatively with birth weight |
| Mothers without eclampsia or hypertension. No intrauterine growth retardation, perinatal asphyxia, infection, hemolytic disease, major malformations, difficult delivery, genetic disorder or fetal distress. | |||||||||
| ↑ 8-OHdG | |||||||||
| [13] | 27/24 | 38.1 (37–41) | 33.7 (30–36) | Umbilical cord blood | at birth | NA | ↑ plasma F2-isoprostane | ||
| ↑ NPBI | |||||||||
| ↑ DCI | |||||||||
| ↑ placenta F2-isoprostane | |||||||||
| [15] | 91/47 | 39.2 (36–42) | 31.4 (23–36) | Umbilical cord blood | at birth | 32 required assisted ventilation, 22 suffered from respiratory distress syndrome and 10 from perinatal hypoxia | ↑ MDA | ||
| [18] | 29/31 | 39.4 (37.4–41.6) | 31.7 (28.1–35.7) | Umbilical cord blood | at birth | No SGA newborns. | ↑ MDA adduct to hemoglobin | ||
| No intensive care requirement and medical complications | |||||||||
| [25] | 25/25 | 38.04 (36–42) | 32.92 (28–35) | Umbilical cord blood | at birth | No congenital malformations or asphyxia. | = MDA | = TAS | |
| = CAT | |||||||||
| Healthy nonsmokers’ mothers. | ↓ SOD | ||||||||
| [20] | 30/40 | NA (37–42) | NA (24–36) | Umbilical cord blood | at birth | Healthy nonsmokers mothers | ↑ lipid peroxidation | ↑ vitamin C |
8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy guanosine; BPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; CAT: catalase; DCI: erythrocyte chelatable iron; GA: gestational age; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: reduced glutathione; IVH: intraventricular hemorrhage; LBW: low birth weight (< 2500 g at birth); MDA: malondialdehyde; NA: not available; NEC: necrotizing enterocolitis; NPBI: Non-protein-bound iron; PTB: preterm birth; SGA: small for GA; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TAS: total antioxidant status; ↓ significantly decreased compared to term newborns; ↑ significantly increased compared to term newborns; = no significantly variation compared to term newborns. aexpressed in week as mean (minimum-maximum).