Table 2.
Antioxidant effects of bioactive natural components in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
| Bioactive components | Effective dose | Animals models/APAP dose | Mechanisms | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magnolol | 0.01–1 μg/kg i.p. | Sprague-Dawley rat, 500 mg/kg i.p. | ↓TBARS; ↑GSH | [19] |
| Gallic acid | 100 mg/kg i.p. | Swiss albino mice, 900 mg/kg i.p. | ↑SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GST and GSH | [97] |
| 6-Gingerol | 30 mg/kg i.p. | Swiss albino mice, 900 mg/kg i.p. | ↑SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GST and GSH | [101] |
| Curcumin | 10–20 mg/kg i.p. | BALB/c mice, 300 mg/kg i.p. | ↑SOD; ↓MDA, apoptosis | [72] |
| Thearubigins | 60 mg/kg i.p. | Swiss mice, 300 mg/kg i.p. | ↓MDA, | [81] |
| Baicalin | 30 mg/kg i.p. | C57BL/6 mice, 300 mg/kg i.p. | ↓MDA, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-6 | [71] |
| Paeonol | 100 mg/kg i.g. | C57BL/6 mice, 400 mg/kg i.p. | ↑SOD, GPx and GSH; ↓MDA, inflammation | [28] |
| Methanol extract of Fagonia olivieri DC. | 200–400 mg/kg i.g. for 7 days | Sprague-Dawley rats, 700 mg/kg i.g. | ↑SOD, CAT,GPx, GR and GSH | [96] |
| Lophirones B and C | 20 mg/kg p.o. for 7 days | Swiss mice, 300 mg/kg | ↑SOD, CAT, GPx;↓inflammation | [3] |
| Hydroglycol extract of red rice | 128–512 mg/kg p.o. for 30 days | ICR mice, 60 mg/kg p.o. for 30 days | ↑GSH; ↓GSSH | [109] |
| Methanol extract of Adansonia digitata L. (Malvaceae) | 200 mg/kg p.o. for 7 days | Wistar rats,2 g/kg p.o. for 3 days | ↑SOD, CAT and GSH; ↓MDA | [40] |
| Quercitrin from Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem. | 10–50 mg/kg i.g. | Balb/c mice, 300 mg/kg i.p. | ↑SOD, CAT and GPx; ↓inflammation | [112] |
| Methanol extract of pomegranate peels | 50 mg/kg p.o. for 14 days | Wistar rats, 750 mg/kg i.p. | ↓Oxidative stress | [2] |
| Withanolide | 50–200 mg/kg p.o. for 14 days | Wistar rats, 750 mg/kg p.o. | ↑SOD and GSH; ↓MDA, NO | [27] |
| Acetone extract of Passiflora subpeltata leaves | 200–400 mg/kg for 14 days | Wistar rats, 2 g/kg p.o. for 14 days | ↑SOD, CAT, GPx, GST and GSH | [108] |
| Opuntia robusta | 800 mg/kg p.o. for 5 days | Wistar rats, 500 mg/kg i.p. | ↑GSH | [36] |
| Aqueous extract of Zea mays L. (Poaceae) Stigma maydis | 200–400 mg/kg p.o. for 14 days | Wistar rats, 400 mg/kg p.o. for 14 days | ↑SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and GSH; ↓MDA | [102] |
| Silymarin | 25 mg/kg p.o. for 14 days | Wistar rats, 800 mg/kg i.p. for 3 days | ↑SOD, GPx; ↓NO | [88] |
| n-Hexane extract of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius leaves | 250–500 mg/kg p.o. for 14 days | Wistar rats, 400 mg/kg p.o. for 7 days | ↓MDA | [1] |
| Tormentic acid | 1.25–5 mg/kg i.p. for 6 days | ICR mice, 400 mg/kg i.p. | ↑SOD, CAT and GPx;↓NO, TNF-α, IL-1β | [52] |
| Methanol extract of Dicranopteris linearis L. leaves | 50–500 mg/kg p.o. for 7 days | Sprague-Dawley rats, 3 g/kg | ↑SOD, CAT | [132] |
| Methanol extract of black ginseng | 300–600 mg/kg i.g. for 7 days | ICR mice, 250 mg/kg i.p. | ↑GSH; ↓3-nitrotyrosine and MDA | [44] |
| Ginsenosides | 150–300 mg/kg i.g. for 7 days | ICR mice, 250 mg/kg i.p. | ↑GSH, SOD; ↓3-nitrotyrosine, MDA, COX-2 | [127] |
| Tannic acid | 25–50 mg/kg p.o. for 3 days | Kunming mice, 400 mg/kg i.p. | ↑SOD, CAT, GPx; ↓MDA, NO, TNF-α, IL-1β | [134] |
| Rice peptides | 100–500 mg/kg p.o. for 7 days | ICR mice, 700 mg/kg i.p. | ↑GSH | [57] |
| Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil | 125–500 mg/kg for 7 days | Swiss mice, 250 mg/kg p.o. | ↓MPO, NO | [113] |
| Iridoid glycosides fraction of Veronica ciliata Fisch. | 150–450 mg/kg p.o. for 14 days | Kunming mice, 180 mg/kg i.p. | ↑SOD, GSH; ↓MDA, TNF-α | [111] |
| Rutin | 20 mg/kg p.o. for 11 days | Wistar rats, 500 mg/kg p.o. for 3 days | ↑SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH;↓MDA | [98] |
| Astaxanthin | 30–60 mg/kg i.g. for 14 days | C57BL/6, 300 mg/kg i.p. | ↑SOD and GSH;↓MDA | [135] |
TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; glutathione S-transferase; MDA, malonaldehyde; NO, nitric oxide; GSH, glutathione; GSSH, oxidized glutathione; IL-17, interleukin-17; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2.