Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants (N=152)
| Characteristics | Total sample, N=152 | Intervention group, n=73 (48.0%) | Control group, n=79 (52.0%) | z value/Chi square | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | −0.218 | 0.827a | |||
| Median (IQR) | 71.0 (7.0) | 72.0 (7.0) | 71.0 (6.0) | ||
| Range | 65.0–87.0 | 65.0–87.0 | 65.0–84.0 | ||
| Gender (frequency, %) | 0.005 | 0.984b | |||
| Male | 87 (57.2) | 42 (57.5) | 45 (57.0) | ||
| Female | 65 (42.8) | 31 (42.5) | 34 (43.0) | ||
| Ethnicity (frequency, %) | 2.400 | 0.121b | |||
| Chinese | 97 (63.8) | 42 (57.5) | 55 (69.6) | ||
| Other | 55 (36.2) | 31 (42.5) | 24 (30.4) | ||
| Marital status (frequency, %) | 0.734 | 0.391b | |||
| Married | 103 (67.8) | 47 (64.4) | 56 (70.9) | ||
| Single/divorced/widow(er) | 49 (32.2) | 26 (35.6) | 23 (29.1) | ||
| Educational level (frequency, %) | 1.596 | 0.450b | |||
| No formal education | 47 (30.9) | 19 (26.0) | 28 (35.4) | ||
| Primary education | 61 (40.1) | 31 (42.5) | 30 (38.0) | ||
| Secondary education/diploma/tertiary education | 44 (28.9) | 23 (31.5) | 21 (26.6) | ||
| Received income per month (frequency, %) | 1.566 | 0.211b | |||
| No | 132 (86.8) | 66 (90.4) | 66 (83.5) | ||
| Yes | 20 (13.2) | 7 (9.6) | 13 (16.5) | ||
| Number of clinic reviews | −1.577 | 0.115a | |||
| Median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0) | 1.0 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.0) | ||
| Range | 1.0–4.0 | 1.0–4.0 | 1.0–4.0 | ||
| Number of comorbidities | −0.634 | 0.526a | |||
| Median (IQR) | 4.5 (2.0) | 4.0 (1.0) | 5.0 (3.0) | ||
| Range | 1.0–11.0 | 1.0–9.0 | 2.0–11.0 | ||
| Cost of medication (RM) | −1.177 | 0.239a | |||
| Median (IQR) | 65.7 (96.1) | 58.3 (84.2) | 75.3 (97.9) | ||
| Range | 10.8–466.9 | 10.8–466.9 | 11.5–252.2 | ||
| Adherence category (frequency, %) | 0.123 | 0.725b | |||
| Non-adherence (score <6) | 100 (65.8) | 47 (64.4) | 53 (67.1) | ||
| Adherence (score ≥6) | 52 (34.2) | 26 (35.6) | 26 (32.9) | ||
| Medication knowledge | |||||
| Dose (% correct) | −0.176 | 0.860a | |||
| Median (IQR) | 84.5 (33.4) | 85.7 (40.0) | 83.3 (30.0) | ||
| Range | 33.3–100 | 33.3–100 | 33.3–100 | ||
| Frequency (% correct) | −0.445 | 0.656a | |||
| Median (IQR) | 84.5 (85.7) | 85.7 (33.3) | 83.3 (33.3) | ||
| Range | 14.3–100 | 16.7–100 | 14.3–100 | ||
| Indication (% correct) | −0.753 | 0.452a | |||
| Median (IQR) | 66.7 (56.7) | 71.4 (66.7) | 66.7 (54.2) | ||
| Range | 0–100 | 0–100 | 0–100 | ||
| Time of administration (% correct) | −0.412 | 0.680a | |||
| Median (IQR) | 71.4 (35.7) | 70.0 (38.8) | 75.0 (30.2) | ||
| Range | 14.3–100 | 16.7–100 | 14.3–100 | ||
| Medication Appropriateness Index | −1.293 | 0.196a | |||
| Median (IQR) | 18.0 (14.0) | 15.0 (13.5) | 18.0 (15.0) | ||
| Range | 1.0–70.0 | 3.0–70.0 | 1.0–48.0 |
Notes:
a
p-value from the Mann–Whitney U test.
b
p-value from the Chi square test.
Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range.