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. 2018 Jun 15;11:1129–1140. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S159146

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© 2018 Liu et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Notes: Microglia and astrocytes in the CNS mediated the development of CM. Microglia and astrocytes were activated in CM, they released TNF-α and IL-1β through the downstream p-JNK-MAPK signaling pathway to further aggravate CM. The activation of α7nAChR alleviated the activated glia and ameliorated the pain.

Abbreviations: α7nAChR, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; CM, chronic migraine; CNS, central nervous system; IL, interleukin; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; p-JNK, phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase.; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.