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Scheme depicting proposed astrocytes-associated mechanisms underlying cerebral edema. Abbreviations: BBB, blood-brain barrier; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; Glu, glutamate; ICP, intracranial pressure; M-OS, mitochondrial oxidative stress; NKCC1, Na+, K+, 2 Cl− and water cotransporter 1; NO, nitric oxide; PTN, protein tyrosine nitration. See text for details. Other annotations refer to Figures 1, 2.
