Table 4.
Summary of Niacin Skin-Flush Studies in SZ and Other Psychiatry Diseases
| Study | Subjects | Area | Subgrouping Indicator | Cutoff Indicators | Sensitivity (Subgroup Prevalence) | Specificity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qualitative measurement | ||||||
| Horrobin1 | Not available | UK | Flush status | No visible occurrence of skin flushing | 80.0% | Not available |
| Rybakowski and Weterle2 | 33 SZ and 18 DE | Poland | Flush status | No visible occurrence of skin flushing | 24.0% | 100% in SZ and DE |
| Glen et al27 | 126 SZ with predominantly negative symptoms | UK | Flush status | No visible occurrence of skin flushing | 52.0% | Not available |
| Semi-quantitative measurement | ||||||
| Ward et al3 | 35 SZ and 22 HC | UK | Skin flush score at 0.01 M at 5 min | Score = 0 or 1 | 83.0% | 77% in SZ and HC |
| Puri et al28 | 21 SZ and 20 HC | UK | Skin flush score at 0.001 M at 15 min | Score = 0 | 90.0% | 75% in SZ and HC |
| Puri et al22 | 27 SZ and 26 HC | UK | Over-all sum score of skin flush | Score = ≤21 | 77.8% | 65.38% in SZ and HC |
| Tavares et al29 | 38 SZ and 28 HC | Brazil | Skin flush score at 0.01 M at 10 min | Score = 0 or 1 | 23.7% | 85.8% in SZ and HC |
| Smesny et al21 | 25 SZ and 25 HC | Australia | Skin flush score at 11 min at 0.001 M and 0.1 M | Not available | 84.0% | 76% in SZ and HC |
| Lin et al8 | 153 SZ and 94 HC | Taiwan | Skin flush score at 0.01 M at 10 min | Score = 0 | 13.7% | 96.8% in SZ and HC |
| Score = 0 or 1 | 24.2% | 90.4% in SZ and HC | ||||
| Liu et al7 | 61 SZ and 18 BP and 40 HC | Taiwan | Skin flush score at 0.01 M at 10 min | Score = 0 or 1 | 49.2% | 92.5% in SZ and HC; 88.2% in SZ and BP |
| This study | 163 SZ and 63 MD and 63 HC | Mainland China | Skin flush score at 0.1 M at 15 min and total score | Score at 0.1 M at 15 min < 2.5 and total score < 20 | 23.3%–42.0%a | 82.4%–88.9%a |
| Quantitative measurement | ||||||
| Hudson et al16 | 33 SZ and 18 BP and 28 HC | Canada | Thermal index | Index ≤ 1.5 | 42.9% | 94.4% in SZ and BP; 100% in SZ and HC; 97.8% in SZ, BP, and HC |
| Hudson et al30 | 23 SZ and 30 HC | Canada | Thermal index | Index ≤ 1.5 | 43.0% | 97% in SZ and HC |
| Smesny et al21 | 25 SZ and 25 HC | Australia | Combination of spectroscopic data with the calculated min_step value | Not available | 92.0% | 84% in SZ and HC |
| Messamore et al4 | 27 SZ and 21 HC | Poland | log10(EC50), Fmin, Fmax | Not available | 74.0% | 81% in SZ and HC |
| Ross et al31 | 27 SZ and 26 BP and 31 HC | Canada | Delta F | Delta F ≤ 30 | 70.0% | 86% in SZ and HC; 81% in SZ and BP |
| Yao et al18 | 70 SZ and 59 BP and 87 HC | America | log10(EC50), Fmax | Beyond 90th percentile of log10 (EC50) and within 60th percentile of Fmax | 31.0% | 95% in SZ and HC; 97% in SZ and BP |
| 90 SZ and 30 BP-MDD and 93 HC | 32.0% | 95% in SZ and HC; 87% in SZ and BP-MDD | ||||
Note: SZ, schizophrenia; DE, depression; BP, bipolar disease; MD, mood disorders; HC, healthy control; BP-MDD, bipolar and major depressive disorder.
aPlease refer to the main text for details.