Table 2.
Comparisons of ADHD Symptomatology Between Individuals With 22q11.2DS and Subthreshold Psychosis and Individuals Without the Deletion With Subthreshold Psychosis
| Variable | 22q11.2DS PS+ (n = 72) | ND PS+ (n = 84) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD)/ Range | Mean (SD)/ Range | χ2, z | P | Cohen’s d | |||||||
| Age | 13.9 (4.1)/8 to 23 | 16.9 (2.7)/11–23 | −24.2 | <.001 | −0.88 | ||||||
| WRAT4 | −0.4 (1.0)/−2.5 to 1.2 | 1.3 (0.8)/−1.9 to 1.8 | −4.2 | <.001 | −1.89 | ||||||
| Executive | −0.8 (1.1)/−3.5 to 0.6 | 0.5 (0.7)/−2.0 to 2.1 | −5.1 | <.001 | −1.43 | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | χ2, z | P | Cohen’s d | |||||||
| Estimated household income ($) | 69 644 (27 611) | 48 631 (27 655) | 32.6 | <.001 | 0.76 | ||||||
| Maternal education level | 15.0 (2.3) | 14.4 (2.4) | 3.5 | .06 | 0.26 | ||||||
| N (%) | N (%) | χ2 | P | ||||||||
| Gender (males)(%) | 40 (56) | 40 (48) | 0.98 | .32 | 0.16 | ||||||
| Race | |||||||||||
| Caucasian | 62 (86) | 27 (32) | |||||||||
| African- American | 4 (6) | 46 (55) | |||||||||
| Mixed | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | |||||||||
| Asian | 4 (5) | 11 (13) | 53.71 | <.001 | −0.77 | ||||||
| ADHD diagnosis | 41 (57) | 16 (19) | 25.0 | <.001 | 0.87 | ||||||
| SOPS symptoms | |||||||||||
| Positive | 6.5 (4.6) | 8.5 (4.6) | −2.7 | .01 | −0.43 | ||||||
| Negative | 11.0 (4.6) | 8.3 (5.5) | 3.3 | .001 | 0.53 | ||||||
| Disorganized | 5.5 (3.1) | 4.0 (3.0) | 3.0 | .003 | 0.49 | ||||||
| General | 6.8 (4.6) | 3.7 (2.9) | 4.9 | <.001 | 0.82 | ||||||
| Total SOPS | 29.9 (11.6) | 24.5 (9.9) | 3.0 | .003 | 0.50 | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | z | P | z a | P a | z b | P b | z c | P c | ||
| ADHD inattention symptoms | 6.1 (2.9) | 3.4 (2.8) | 5.4 | <.001 | 0.95 | 4.8 | <.001 | 4.2 | <.001 | 3.3 | .001 |
| ADHD hyperactivity- impulsivity symptoms | 3.6 (2.8) | 2.2 (2.4) | 2.9 | .004 | 0.54 | 1.7 | .10 | 0.2 | .87 | 0.7 | .50 |
| ADHD total symptoms | 9.1 (4.8) | 5.6 (4.6) | 4.3 | <.001 | 0.75 | 3.7 | <.001 | 2.3 | .02 | 2.0 | .05 |
Note: 22q PS+, 22q11.2 DS and subthreshold psychosis; ND PS+, Without the deletion subthreshold psychosis; ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; WRAT4, Wide Range Achievement Test 4; SOPS, Scale of Prodromal Symptoms. Statistically significant variables are highlighted in bold.
aRegressing out WRAT4 and age.
bRegressing out age, WRAT4 and executive.
cRegressing out age, WRAT4, executive and total SOPS (excluding item D3 – significant attentional impairments).