Table 1. Characteristics of participants according to sex (n = 98042).
| Men | Women | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 42036 (50.11) | 56006 (49.89) | |
| Age (years) | 52.92 ± 14.56 | 51.33 ± 14.25 | < 0.001 |
| Area, n (%) | 0.28 | ||
| Urban | 20146 (49.59) | 28504 (50.64) | |
| Rural | 21890 (50.41) | 27502 (49.36) | |
| Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Uneducated | 2969 (4.11) | 9716 (12.87) | |
| Primary school | 11954 (21.93) | 17399 (26.43) | |
| Junior school | 16431 (46.11) | 17735 (38.59) | |
| High school | 7253 (19.12) | 7675 (14.68) | |
| College and above | 3429 (8.74) | 3481 (7.42) | |
| Income, n (%) | 0.005 | ||
| < 10000 | 21937 (52.31) | 29090 (54.28) | |
| 10000–30000 | 17115 (40.81) | 22982 (39.29) | |
| > 30000 | 2984 (6.88) | 3934 (6.43) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Current smoker | 22698 (54.68) | 1823 (2.22) | |
| Former smoker | 3201 (4.88) | 706 (1.05) | |
| Never smoker | 16137 (40.44) | 53477 (96.73) | |
| Drinking, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Never drinker | 19200 (43.02) | 48394 (87.27) | |
| Moderate alcohol drinker | 15315 (39.58) | 6709 (11.53) | |
| Excessive alcohol drinker | 7521 (17.41) | 903 (1.20) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Low | 12222 (30.43) | 12245 (25.33) | |
| Moderate | 7628 (16.12) | 16436 (28.71) | |
| High | 11230 (30.47) | 13203 (21.90) | |
| Very high | 10956 (22.99) | 14122 (24.07) | |
| BMI, n (%) | 0.24 | ||
| Normal | 23189 (57.36) | 29930 (58.46) | |
| Overweight | 14067 (30.36) | 18649 (29.74) | |
| Obesity | 4780 (12.28) | 7427 (11.80) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.54 (21.31, 25.96) | 23.69 (21.38, 26.22) | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 83.61 ± 10.40 | 80.17 ± 9.95 | < 0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.17 (0.80, 1.80) | 1.12 (0.78, 1.67) | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.15 ± 0.34 | 1.22 ± 0.32 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126.98 ± 19.77 | 124.35 ± 21.53 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.06 ± 11.69 | 77.70 ± 11.72 | < 0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.21 (4.74, 5.75) | 5.17 (4.72, 5.68) | < 0.001 |
| Abdominal obesity, n (%) | 12223 (27.06) | 17799 (26.62) | 0.53 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 4561 (6.79) | 5599 (6.62) | 0.49 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 14769 (24.93) | 17517 (21.52) | < 0.001 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation for normally distributed or medians (interquartile ranges) for skewed parameters, or number (%).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.