Schematic of the proposed signaling pathway for actin polymerization-mediated vasoconstriction after chronic hypoxia (CH). Pathways in gray were hypothesized but not supported by experimental results. CytB, cytochalasin B; ETR, endothelin-1 receptor; ECM, extracellular matrix; ET-1, endothelin-1; LatB, latrunculin B; LIMK, LIM kinase; PASMC, pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell; ROCK, Rho kinase; SMIFH2, small-molecule inhibitor of formin homology domain 2.