Table.
Bivariate Comparisons of Nonadherent versus Adherent Participantsa
| Variable | Nonadherent Participants (n = 87) |
Adherent Participants (n = 56) |
Χ2/f-test | df | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| N (%) | N (%) | ||||
|
| |||||
| Background Characteristics: | |||||
| Female | 55 (63.2) | 39 (69.6) | .62 | 1 | .429 |
|
| |||||
| Married | 28 (32.2) | 15 (26.8) | 3.86 | 1 | .570 |
|
| |||||
| Takes less medication than prescribed due to cost | 18 (21.1) | 4 (7.3) | 4.87 | 1 | .027 |
|
| |||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Age, years | 68.2 (6.0) | 69.7 (7.5) | 1.78 | 1,141 | .185 |
|
| |||||
| Education, years | 12.4 (2.5) | 12.3 (1.8) | .019 | 1,141 | .891 |
|
| |||||
| Clinical Characteristics: | |||||
| Number of medical conditions | 4.7 (2.5) | 4.3 (2.0) | .76 | 1,141 | .384 |
|
| |||||
| Number of prescription and non-prescription medications | 9.3 (4.2) | 9.7 (4.1) | .38 | 1,141 | .530 |
|
| |||||
| Hemoglobin A1c | 9.4 (1.7) | 9.2 (1.2) | 1.22 | 1,141 | .271 |
|
| |||||
| Mini Mental State Examb| | 25.5 (2.5) | 25.5 (2.5) | 0.00 | 1,414 | .984 |
|
| |||||
| Patient Health Questionnairec | 8.7 (6.3) | 6.7 (5.9) | 3.32 | 1,141 | .071 |
|
| |||||
| Activities of Daily Living-Prevention Instrumentd | 33.1 (7.9) | 36.8 (6.2) | 8.92 | 1,141 | .003 |
|
| |||||
| Medical Outcomes Study – 6e | 17.7 (5.9) | 16.1 (4.8) | 2.96 | 1,141 | .088 |
|
| |||||
| Diabetes Self-Care Inventoryf | 54.6 (15.3) | 61.6 (13.3) | 7.81 | 1,141 | .006 |
|
| |||||
| Beliefs about Medication: | |||||
| Specific Concernsg | 16.3 (4.2) | 14.1 (4.4) | 9.59 | 1,141 | .002 |
|
| |||||
| General Harmh | 10.2 (2.9) | 8.9 (2.4) | 8.33 | 1,141 | .005 |
|
| |||||
| Specific Necessityi | 19.6 (3.6) | 20.3 (3.4) | 1.34 | 1,141 | .249 |
|
| |||||
| Over Usej | 12.9 (2.9) | 12.0 (3.2) | 3.02 | 1,141 | .085 |
|
| |||||
| Diabetes Distress: | |||||
| Diabetes Burdenk | 3.3 (1.6) | 2.5 (1.4) | 8.01 | 1,141 | .005 |
|
| |||||
| Physician-Related Distressl | 1.7 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.0) | .248 | 1,141 | .619 |
|
| |||||
| Regimen-Related Distressm | 3.5 (.7) | 3.4 (.7) | 1.00 | 1,141 | .317 |
|
| |||||
| Interpersonal Distressn | 2.3 (1.6) | 2.0 (1.5) | 1.12 | 1,141 | .292 |
|
| |||||
| Objective Medication Adherence: | |||||
| Percent of doses taken as prescribed | 66.2 (27.3) | 76.3 (26.0) | 4.86 | 1,141 | .029 |
|
| |||||
| Percent of days taken as prescribed | 48.7 (35.9) | 62.5 (36.4) | 5.04 | 1,141 | .026 |
Adherent participants have a Morisky Medication Adherence Scale of 0. Nonadherent participants have scores ≥ 1.
Range from 0 to 30; higher scores indicate better global cognitive function.
Range is 0 to 27; higher scores indicate more severe depression.
Range is 25 to 60; higher scores are better function.
Range is 6 to 30; lower scores are better function.
Range is 0 to 48; higher scores are better diabetes self-management.
Range is 5 to 25; higher scores reflect greater worry about medications.
Range is 4 to 20; higher scores reflect stronger beliefs that medications are harmful.
Range is 5 to 25; higher scores reflect stronger beliefs that medications are necessary.
Range is 4 to 20; higher scores reflect stronger beliefs that physicians overprescribe medications.
Range is 5 to 30; higher scores reflect greater feelings of burden.
Range is 4 to 24; higher scores reflect greater levels physician-related distress.
Range is 5 to 30; higher scores reflect greater levels of regimen-related distress.
Range is 3 to 28; higher scores reflect greater levels of interpersonal distress.