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. 2018 Jun 13;9:1344. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01344

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Copyright © 2018 Littringer, Moresi, Rakebrandt, Zhou, Schorer, Dolowschiak, Kirchner, Rost, Keller, McHugh, LeibundGut-Landmann, Robinson and Joller.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Human Treg cells induce co-inhibitory receptors and cytotoxic molecules during a Th1 immune response. Treg cells from PBMCs of healthy donors were analyzed ex vivo by flow cytometry before (pre) and 7 days after (post) influenza vaccination for expression of (A) the surface receptor CXCR3, (B) the co-inhibitory receptors Tim-3, CD85k, Lag-3, and TIGIT as well as (C) the cytotoxic molecules granzyme B and K. Frequencies of CD4⁺CD127^lowCD25⁺ Treg cells expressing the indicated markers are shown and pre- and post-vaccination samples from the same donor are connected by lines (n = 18). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (Wilcoxon matched pairs test, D’Agostino and Pearson omnibus normality test).