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. 2018 Jun 13;12:243. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00243

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Copyright © 2018 Chen, Yu, Niu and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flow chart of working memory (WM) task types. (A) Nonspatial working memory (NWM) task. The first arrow indicates the appearance of the first (target) stimulus and the beginning of the task. The second arrow indicates the appearance of the fourth (probe) stimulus, where participants were required to match the fourth and first stimuli. A match trial occurred if the 4th and 1st letters matched (case sensitive), otherwise it was a mismatch trial. (B) Spatial working memory (SWM) task. Participants needed to match the location of a letter between the 4th and 1st trials. A match trial occurred if the 4th and 1st letters had matching locations otherwise it was a mismatch trial.