Fig. 9.

SNH triggered less GPNMB-regulated cell death. a The brief illustration of properties of two identified transmembrane proteins, GPNMB and LRRCP. b Schematic of topology and structure domain analysis of GPNMB and LRRCP. c Protein–protein interaction network centered with GPNMB detected by STRING software. The direct interactions with GPNMB were exhibited with red color. The thickness of bond represented the strength of interaction. d “Pull down” assay of GPNMB, TLR-3 and TLR-4 proteins based on immunoprecipitation-like strategy after nanocarbon incubations. GPNMB showed higher affinity with nanocarbons than Toll-like receptors. e Co-localization images of intracellular nanocarbons with GPNMB proteins detected by CLSM. Yellow arrows and white colors denoted the co-localization regions. Scale bar: 10 μm. f Western blot analysis of GPNMB expression after targeted GPNMB siRNA transfections with different sequences. As shown by black arrow, No.2 exhibited the greatest silence effect and was selected for subsequent cytotoxic test. g Cytotoxicity detections of different nanocarbons after GPNMB knockdown via LDH release assay (n = 3). Data were presented as mean ± s.d. Statistical significances were calculated by Student’s t-test: *p < 0.05