FIGURE 2.

Anti-biofilm activity of aspidinol. (A) The effects of aspidinol and antibiotics (linezolid and vancomycin) on established biofilms of S. aureus ATCC 33591 were evaluated. The pre-formed biofilms were treated with linezolid, vancomycin, or aspidinol and then stained with crystal violet. The optical density of the dissolved crystal violet was measured using a spectrophotometer. The values are the mean of the triplicate samples with standard deviation bars. The results are given as the mean ± SD (n = 3). Two-tailed Student’s t-test was employed, and ^∗∗∗ means p-values ≤ 0.005. (B) Scanning electron microscopy images showing the structure of MRSA biofilms treated with aspidinol and antibiotics at 24 h. Magnifications, ×2000.