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. 2018 Jun 19;8:9350. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27548-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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formation of complex structures during dual-species biofilm development. S. mutans and B. subtilis were grown in mono or dual-species biofilms. All biofilms were fixed with 4% Formaldehyde. The samples were taken for visualization under SEM. The lower panel is a higher magnification of the upper panel. The pictures represent the mono and dual-species biofilm. The complexity of the dual biofilm in comparison to the mono-species biofilm and the arrangement of both of the bacteria in the dual-species biofilm.