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. 2018 Jun 19;8:9328. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27566-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mimicry of in vivo extensional stress (a) A snapshot of in vivo two-photon microscopy imaging of inflamed pial vessels in a ubiquitin-GFP mouse (Supplemental Movie 1). :Flow direction. :Stably adherent leukocytes appear to be preferentially located after volume expansions, either at capillary to post-capillary venule (PCV) transition (top left arrow) or at expansions within a vessel (other three arrows). Scale bar: 25 micrometers. (b) Computational fluid dynamics simulation of capillary to PCV transition, demonstrating wall-and-rolling relative tensor basis, and extensional stress incurred as the leukocyte enters the PCV. (c) CFD of biomimetic device that varies extensional stress by varying expansion length, while keeping shear stress equivalent. Scale bar in lower right shows 250 micrometers. Numbers indicate hyperbola lengths, with relative length (RL) = hyperbola length/150 micrometers. A shorter length corresponds to a higher extensional rate.

Inline graphic — Mimicry of in vivo extensional stress (a) A snapshot of in vivo two-photon microscopy imaging of inflamed pial vessels in a ubiquitin-GFP mouse (Supplemental Movie 1). :Flow direction. :Stably adherent leukocytes appear to be preferentially located after volume expansions, either at capillary to post-capillary venule (PCV) transition (top left arrow) or at expansions within a vessel (other three arrows). Scale bar: 25 micrometers. (b) Computational fluid dynamics simulation of capillary to PCV transition, demonstrating wall-and-rolling relative tensor basis, and extensional stress incurred as the leukocyte enters the PCV. (c) CFD of biomimetic device that varies extensional stress by varying expansion length, while keeping shear stress equivalent. Scale bar in lower right shows 250 micrometers. Numbers indicate hyperbola lengths, with relative length (RL) = hyperbola length/150 micrometers. A shorter length corresponds to a higher extensional rate.