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. 2018 Jun 19;8:9328. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27566-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Efficient leukocyte adhesion requires cell-cell forcing at physiological scale. (a–c) Heatmaps showing leukocyte adhesion probability distribution across length 4 ROIs. (a) Unfiltered leukocytes in media, demonstrating a bias towards the front of the ROI. (b) Filtered leukocytes in media. (c) Filtered leukocytes in media reconstituted with erythrocytes at physiological hematocrit, demonstrating redistribution to the sidewalls. (d) Overall adhesion probabilities for leukocytes in the three conditions, demonstrating a profound lack of adhesion for filtered leukocytes in media. Each point represents averaged data from one participant, N = 5 donors. Boxes indicate mean and standard error. (e) Leukocyte adhesion over time with unfiltered leukocytes. Time progresses from left to right in 5-minute increments. Initial adhesion is seeded by small clumps or doublets, which form nuclei for later secondary capture of leukocytes.