Table 2.
Health outcome of electronic health (eHealth) use in lifestyle and gestational diabetes mellitus management in pregnancy: overview of the literature.
| Study domain and reference | Methods | N | Technology/eHealth intervention | |
| Lifestyle: Gestational weight gain, exercise, smoking cessation (13 studies) |
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O’Brien et al [79] | Systematic review (with 7 studies) | 33 | Technology-supported diet and lifestyle interventions |
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Pollak et al [80] | RCTa | 33 | SMSb programs on healthy lifestyle |
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|
Soltani et al [35] | RCT | 14 | SMS for heathy lifestyle in women with BMIc >30 |
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Graham et al [81] | RCT | 1335 | Internet-based platform to prevent excessive weight gain |
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|
Hayman et al [34] | RCT | 77 | Web-based physical activity intervention |
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Huberty et al [82] | RCT | 80 | SMS programs to increase physical activity |
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Willcox et al [37] | RCT | 91 | Healthy gestational weight gain for obese pregnancies |
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|
Knight et al [19] | One group pilot | 10 | App with information for lifestyle behavior |
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Waring et al [33] | Cross sectional | 64 | Survey on interest in lifestyle app or website |
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|
Choi et al [36] | RCT pilot | 30 | Activity app+pedometer wearable |
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|
Lewis et al [83] | Observational cohort | 37 | Exercise with SMS or app-based support |
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Guo et al [84] | One group pilot | 50 | Video program with yoga via Facebook or DVD |
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Heminger et al [42] | Systematic review (with 7 RCTs) | 702 | SMS or app support on smoking: quitting date, relapse, information, daily messages |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus (13 studies) |
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Ming et al [54] | Systematic review (with 7 RCTs) | 579 | Telemedicine for diabetes in pregnancy |
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Rasekaba et al [53] | Systematic review (with 3 RCTs) | 243 | Telemedicine for glucose monitoring |
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Kruger et al [85] | RCT | 18 | Telemedicine for glucose monitoring |
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Dalfra et al [86] | RCT | 276 | Telemedicine for glucose monitoring |
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Perez-Ferre et al [52] | RCT | 100 | Telemedicine for glucose monitoring |
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Wojcicki et al [87] | RCT | 30 | Telemedicine for glucose monitoring |
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Carral et al [49] | Prospective cohort | 104 | Web-based telemedicine system |
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Given et al [50] | Feasibility study | 50 | Web-based telemedicine system |
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Nicholson et al [88] | Feasibility study | 23 | Web-based self monitoring, diary |
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Mackillop et al [51] | Pilot study | 48 | Smartphone app with blood glucose meter |
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Ganapathy et al [89] | Pilot study | 50 | Remote blood pressure measurements |
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Khorshidi et al [45] | RCT | 80 | Postpartum screening after GDMd |
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Harrison et al [90] | Survey+interviews | 70 | Acceptability of telemedicine for GDM patients |
aRCT: randomized controlled trial.
bSMS: short message services.
cBMI: body mass index.
dGDM: gestational diabetes mellitus.