Table 3.

Health outcome of electronic health (eHealth) use in electronic mental (e-mental) health, low- and middle-income countries, and telemonitoring and teleconsultation in pregnancy: overview of the literature.

Study domain and reference		Methods	N	Technology/eHealth intervention
E-mental health (16 studies)
	Lau et al [64]	Systematic review (with 8 RCTsa)	1523	Therapist-supported internet-based cognitive behavior therapy among postpartum women
	Lee et al [61]	Systematic review (with 4 RCTs)	1274	Cognitive behavioral therapy with internet
	Ashford et al [63]	Systematic review (with 11 studies)	1537	Web-based perinatal mental health interventions
	Milgrom et al [91]	RCT	43	Cognitive behavioral therapy with internet
	Ngai et al [92]	RCT	397	Telephone-based cognitive-behavioral Therapy
	Shamshiri Milani et al [93]	RCT	54	Telephone-based cognitive-behavioral therapy
	Kingston et al [60]	RCT	636	Acceptability of e-screening for mental health
	Fontein et al [94]	Before-after study	433	Website for maternal stress prevention
	Jimenez-Serrano et al [59]	Prospective cohort	1880	App screening for postpartum depression
	Posmontier et al [62]	Prospective cohort	61	Telephone-administered psychotherapy
	Letourneau et al [65]	Prospective cohort	64	Telephone-based peer support intervention
	Broom et al [95]	Observational	54	Supportive text messaging in postpartum depression
	Mitchell et al [58]	Cross sectional	106	Telephone screening for postpartum depression
	Figueiredo et al [96]	Cross sectional	90	Telephone screening for postpartum depression
	Pugh et al [97]	Case study	1	Therapeutic assistance with email and SMSb
	Pineros-Leano et al [98]	Qualitative	25	Screening for postpartum depression using mobile health
Low and middle income countries (2 studies)
	Lee et al [67]; Sondaal et al [66]	2 systematic reviews with 18 RCTs and 18 observational studies	34,149	Mobile health interventions for prenatal, birth, and postnatal period in low- and middle-income countries
Telemonitoring and teleconsulting (12 studies)
	Tapia-Conyer et al [75]	RCT	153	Wireless antepartum maternal-fetal monitoring
	Pflugeisen et al [74]	Non-RCT	1058	Prenatal care with virtual visits and home measurements
	Ivey et al [99]	Prospective cohort	155	Teleconsultation with tertiary center
	Cuneo et al [100]	Prospective cohort	125	Home fetal heart monitoring for anti-SSA+c patients
	Rauf et al [73]	Prospective cohort	70	Fetal monitoring system for induction of labor
	Krishnamurti et al [101]	Prospective cohort	16	Smartphone app with information and symptom scores
	Rhoads et al [102]	Non-RCT	50	Telemonitoring of postpartum hypertension
	Kerner et al [77]	Feasibility study	36	Self-administered fetal heart rate monitoring
	Marko et al [103]	Feasibility study	8	Remote monitored pregnancy care (blood pressure, weight)
	Marko et al [76]	Controlled trial	100	Prenatal care with app and telemonitoring
	Lanssens et al [104]	Retrospective cohort	166	Remote monitoring of hypertension in pregnancy
	Pflugeisen et al [105]	Cross sectional	171	Satisfaction with virtual obstetric care

^aRCT: randomized controlled trial.

^bSMS: short message services.

^cAnti-SSA: Anti-Sjögren’s-syndrome-related antigen A.