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. 2018 Jun 12;9:1336. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01336

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Activation of cAMP signaling contributes to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-induced HIV-1 inhibition in macrophages. (A) Uninfected macrophages were treated with VIP or PACAP (10 nM) and intracellular cAMP levels were analyzed by ELISA at different time points (n = 3). (B,C) HIV-1-infected macrophages were exposed to pertussis toxin (25 pg/mL) and, 3 h later, cells were washed and treated with VIP or PACAP at different concentrations. Supernatants were collected after 12 days and viral replication was measured (n = 3). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ns, not significant; two-way ANOVA, with Tukey post-test.