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. 2018 Jun 12;9:1336. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01336

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Copyright © 2018 Temerozo, de Azevedo, Insuela, Vieira, Ferreira, Carvalho, Bello and Bou-Habib.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) reduce HIV-1 replication fitness. TZM-bl cells were exposed to 5 ng/mL of normalized HIV-1 infectious input, obtained from 12 days-infected macrophages treated with VIP (10 nM), PACAP (10 nM), or IFN (10³ U/mL). After 48 h, TZM-bl cells were lysed and luciferase activity was measured. (A) Relative luminescence units; bars represent the median of each treatment; (B) normalized data from (A) (n = 5). *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001; one-way ANOVA, with Dunnett post-test.